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Preface ZHANG Yuyan, Rosario SANTA GADEA Chapter 1 What Is the Real Middle-Income Trap YAO Zhizhong ¢ñ.Introduction ¢ò.Inevitable Decline in Growth ¢ó.The Specious Trap ¢ô.Definition of Middle-Income Trap ¢õ.How Big is the Middle-Income Trap ¢ö.Conclusion References List of Abbreviations Chapter 2 The Middle-Income Trap in Selected Literature An Overview Rosario SANTA GADEA, Leolino DOURADO, Gabriel ARRIETA ¢ñ.Introduction ¢ò.Definitions of Middle-Income Countries ¢ó.Approaches to the Middle-Income Trap ¢ô.Main Driving Forces of the Middle-Income Trap ¢õ.Components of a Strategy to Avoid Being Trapped ¢ö.Concluding Remarks References List of Abbreviations Chapter 3 Economic Transition in China and Middle-Income Trap SONG Jin ¢ñ.Introduction ¢ò.A Brief Review of Chinese Economy from 1 9 5 0s to Now ¢ó.Literature Review of Economic Transition ¢ô.A Zoom in of the Structural Change and Income Growth Pattern in the Last 20 Years ¢õ.Discussion on Income Distribution and Policy Enlightenment ¢ö.Conclusions References List of Abbreviations Chapter 4 Transition and the Middle-Income Trap in Peru: A Long Term Perspective Since the Late 19 the Century Mar¨ªa Amparo CRUZ SACO, Mirian GIL, Favio LEIVA ¢ñ.Introduction ¢ò.Context and Research Questions ¢ó.International Economic Transition: Employment and Output ¢ô.Data and Methodology ¢õ.Conclusions and Recommendations List of Abbreviations Chapter 5 China and the World: The Background and Economic Logic of China's Opening-UP ZHANG Yuyan, FENG Weijiang ¢ñ.Introduction ¢ò.Domestic Undercurrent for the Reform and Opening-Up of China ¢ó.Changes in the Outside World ¢ô.The Theoretical Logic of Opening-Up to the Outside World ¢õ.Conclusion References List of Abbreviations Chapter 6 Peru's Opening-Up: Strategies, Impacts and Pending Tasks Carlos PARODI ¢ñ.Introduction ¢ò.How Is Economic Openness Defined ¢ó.The Nineties and Commercial and Financial Openness ¢ô.The Mining Boom and the 2 008 Global Financial Crisis: 2 001 -2 01 0 ¢õ.Free Trade Agreements ¢ö.The Slowdown, 2011