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Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation:middlewareformobilesystems .......... 1 1.2 Problemswitharchitecture-centricapproaches......... 4 1.3 Objectivesofthebook...................... 7 1.4 Ourapproach........................... 10 1.5 Structureofthebook ...................... 13 Chapter 2 The Problem Domain 15 2.1 Overview ............................. 15 2.2 Middle 2.3 Middle 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4 Middle 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 warefordistributedsystems............... 16 wareformobilesystems ................. 22 Mobilesystems...................... 23 Mobileapplications.................... 24 Problemswithmobileapplicationdevelopment .... 26 Middlewareformobilesystems ............. 27 wareformobilesystems:examples ........... 32 Event-based(orpublish/subscribe)middleware ... 32 Tuplespace-basedmiddleware ............. 36 Objectandcomponentmiddleware........... 39 Generalizationofcommonalities ............ 42 2.5 Aspectstobemodeled...................... 44 2.5.1 Modelingmobility .................... 44 2.5.2 Modelingotheraspects ................. 46 Chapter 3 Related Work 49 3.1 Overview ............................. 49 3.2 Requirements........................... 50 3.2.1 Requirementsforstylespeci.cation........... 50 3.2.2 Requirementsforthemodelinglanguage........ 53 3.3 Surveyofrelatedwork...................... 55 3.3.1 Surveyofarchitecturalstyles .............. 55 3.3.2 Surveyofmodelinglanguages.............. 64 Chapter 4 An Overview of the Approach 68 4.1 Overview ............................. 68 4.2 Thearchitecturalstyleforthemiddleware........... 70 4.2.1 Middleware-inducedstyle ................ 70 4.2.2 Layeredstructureofthestyle.............. 71 4.3 Themodelingandsimulationframework............ 73 4.3.1 Style-basedmodeling................... 73 4.3.2 Thestyleforthemiddleware .............. 78 4.3.3 Re.nement ........................ 79 4.3.4 Simulation ........................ 82 Chapter 5 Architectural Style-based Modeling 86 5.1 Overview ............................. 86 5.2 BackgroundoftheTGTS .................... 87 5.2.1 Graphsandgraphmorphism .............. 87 5.2.2 Graphsandobject-orientedmodeling.......... 88 5.2.3 Rulesandgraphtransformation ............ 89 5.2.4 Metamodeling ...................... 91 5.2.5 Typedgraphtransformationsystemandstylespeci.ca-tion ............................ 92 5.3 Speci.cationofthestyle..................... 94 5.3.1 Structuralpart ...................... 95 5.3.2 Behavioralpart...................... 97 5.3.3 Syntaxandsemanticsofthemodelinglanguage.... 101 Contents vii Chapter 6 Style Examples 104 6.1 Overview ............................. 104 6.2 Themiddlewarefornomadicnetworks ............. 106 6.2.1 Architecturalcommonalities............... 106 6.2.2 Theconcretemiddleware:WirelessCORBA...... 110 6.3 Conceptualstyle ......................... 117 6.3.1 Structuralpart ...................... 118 6.3.2 Behavioralpart...................... 120 6.4 Platform-independentconcretestyle .............. 123 6.4.1 Structuralpart ...................... 123 6.4.2 Behavioralpart...................... 125 6.5 Platform-specificconcretestyle:WirelessCORBA ......... 133 6.5.1 Structuralpart ...................... 133 6.5.2 Behavioralpart...................... 137 6.5.3 IDLsemanticsspeci.cation ............... 147 Chapter 7 Style Re.nement 149 7.1 Overview ............................. 149 7.2 Requirementsforthere.nement ................ 150 7.3 Existingapproachesandopenproblems ............ 156 7.4 Rulemapping-basedstylere.nement ............. 158 7.4.1 Structuralre.nement .................. 159 7.4.2 Behavioralre.nement .................. 162 7.4.3 Re.nementoftheTGTS-basedstyle ......... 183 7.5 Evaluationandcomparison ................... 184 Chapter 8 Style Simulation and Tools 187 8.1 Overview ............................. 187 8.2 Graphtransformationsimulationtools............. 189 8.2.1 Requirementsforthetool ................ 189 8.2.2 AGG............................ 191 8.2.3 PROGRES ........................ 192 8.2.4 Fujaba........................... 194 8.2.5 Evaluationandcomparison ............... 195 8.3 Style-basedsimulation ...................... 198 8.3.1 Stylespeci.cationandsimulation............ 198 8.3.2 E.cientvalidation.................... 204 8.3.3 Re.nementconsistencycheck.............. 207 8.3.4 Behavioralconsistencycheck .............. 208 8.3.5 Style-basedengineering ................. 216 Chapter 9 Conclusion 219 9.1 Evaluation............................. 219 9.1.1 Evaluatingthestylespeci.cation............ 220 9.1.2 Evaluatingthemodelinglanguage ........... 221 9.2 Relevancetopractice....................... 224 9.2.1 Styleanddesign ..................... 224 9.2.2 Theconceptualstyleanddesign ............ 225 9.2.3 Theplatform-independentconcretestyleanddesign . 227 9.2.4 Theplatform-speci.cconcretestyleanddesign .... 229 9.3 Contributions........................... 230 9.4 Futurework............................ 234 9.4.1 Industryprojectexperience ............... 234 9.4.2 Automationandtoolsupport.............. 235 9.4.3 Developmentofotherarchitecturalstyles ....... 236 9.4.4 Modelbasedtesting ................... 237 Appendix OMG Wireless CORBA IDL 239 Bibliography 249 List of Figures 265 List of Tables 270