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Contents Foreword ¢ñ Acknowledgements ¢õ Preface Chapter One Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose of the book 5 1.2 Scope of the study of translation history 9 1.3 Structure of the book 13 Chapter Two The Translation and Review of SGYY in English 15 2.1 A brief introduction to the Chinese novel SGYY 15 2.2 Sinologists’ comments on the popularity of SGYY 18 2.3 The translation history of SGYY into English 20 2.3.1 Data collection 20 2.3.2 A brief introduction to the English translations 21 2.3.3 Periodization of the history 37 2.4 The review history of SGYY in the English language 39 2.4.1 Data collection 40 2.4.2 A brief introduction to the English reviews 40 Chapter Three¡¡ The Early Period (1820–1924): Expatriates’ Endeavors 51 3.1 Other identities of translators 56 3.1.1 Identities of foreigners in China during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 56 3.1.2 Identities and perspectives of translators 57 3.2 Translation purpose and translation object 63 3.2.1 Influence of Chinese culture on the choice of the translator 65 3.2.2 Sinologists’ views on the novel as a literary form 66 3.2.3 Translation as leisure-time reading material 69 3.2.4 Translation as language learning material 72 3.2.5 Translation as research 75 3.3 Translation strategies 77 3.3.1 Translation strategies 77 3.3.2 Reasons for the translation strategies adopted 80 3.4 The journal as a unique outlet for translations and reviews 84 3.5 Conclusion 89 Chapter FourThe Middle Period (1925–1975): An Age of Diversity 91 4.1 Three translations of the same episode 94 4.1.1 Z. Q. Parker’s translation 94 4.1.2 Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang’s translation 95 4.1.3 Cheung Yik-man’s translation 98 4.2 Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor and his Romance of the Three Kingdoms 100 4.2.1 Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor 100 4.2.2 The reason why Brewitt-Taylor undertook the translation 101 4.2.3 Target reader 107 4.2.4 Translation strategies 111 4.2.5 Publisher’s role in the formation of the translation 119 4.2.6 Mistranslations 122 4.2.7 Reception of the translation by Brewitt-Taylor’s contemporaries 131 4.2.8 Influence of Brewitt-Taylor’s translation 133 4.3 Conclusion 137 Chapter FiveThe Late Period (1976–¡¡): The Academic Turn 139 5.1 Translation purpose and target audience 141 5.2 Production under ideal circumstances 142 5.3 The academic turn and the translator’s subjectivity 143 5.3.1 The translator as a scholar 144 5.3.2 The translator’s subjectivity and translation strategies 148 5.4 Patronage 158 5.5 Reception of Roberts’s translations 159 5.5.1 The 1976 edition 159 5.5.2 The 1991 edition 161 5.5.3 The 1999 edition 164 5.6 Mistranslations in Moss Roberts’s versions 164 5.7 Conclusion 166 Chapter Six¡¡Conclusion 169 6.1 Historical tendencies of the English translation of SGYY 171 6.1.1 Transformation of the subject of translation activities 171 6.1.2 Transformation of the translation purpose and readership 172 6.1.3 Transformation of the translator’s cultural orientation 173 6.2 Retranslation and its causality 175 Bibliography 179 Appendices 193 Appendix A: A Catalogue of English Translations of SGYY (in chronological order) 193 Appendix B: A Catalogue of English Reviews of SGYY (in chronological order) 196 Appendix C: An Interview with Professor Moss Roberts 198 List of Tables 201