°üÓÊ Àë×ÓÒºÌåÓë¹âµç×ÓÄÜÆ×(Ó¢ÎÄ°æ)Ionic liquids and photoelectron spectroscopy

Ŀ¼£¯Contents
Chapter 1 Ionic Liquids 1
1£®1 Ionic liquids 2
1£®1£®1 Definition 2
1£®1£®2 A brief history of ionic liquids 3
1£®2 Properties of ionic liquids 4
1£®2£®1 Why are ionic liquids liquid 4
1£®2£®2 Viscosity 4
1£®2£®3 Low volatility 5
1£®2£®4 Conductivity 6
1£®2£®5 Solvation properties 6
1£®3 Synthesis of ionic liquids 7
1£®3£®1 Materials 7
1£®3£®2 Instrumentation 7
1£®3£®3 Imidazolium-based ionic liquids 8
1£®3£®4 Pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids 14
1£®3£®5 Pyridinium-based ionic liquids 19
1£®4 Dissolution of metal catalysts in ionic liquids 25
1£®4£®1 The addition of phosphine ligands 25
1£®4£®2 The formation of phosphineimidazolylidene palladium complexes 26
1£®5 Ionic liquids analysed in this book 26
1£®6 Catalysis in ionic liquids 27
References 28
Chapter 2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 36
2£®1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 36
2£®1£®1 Principle 36
2£®1£®2 Experimental set-up 38
2£®1£®3 Vacuum environment 39
2£®1£®4 Charge neutralisation 39
2£®1£®5 Data interpretation 40
2£®2 XPS experiment 41
2£®2£®1 Instrument 41
2£®2£®2 Sample preparation and transfer 43
2£®2£®3 Information depth 43
2£®2£®4 Data processing 43
2£®2£®5 XP Spectrum 44
2£®2£®6 XPS analysis 46
2£®2£®7 Charge correction 47
2£®2£®8 Auger Parameter 48
2£®3 XPS of ionic liquids 49
References 50
Chapter 3 XPS of Pure Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid Mixtures 54
3£®1 Introduction 54
3£®2 Varying the cation 56
3£®2£®1 Imidazolium-based ionic liquids 56
3£®2£®2 Pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids 58
3£®2£®3 Pyridinium-based ionic liquids 65
3£®2£®4 Comparison of imidazolium£¬ pyrrolidinium and pyridiniumbased ionic liquids 69
3£®3 Varying the anion 72
3£®3£®1 Acetate-based imidazolium ionic liquids 72
3£®3£®2 Effect of the anion on the cation 79
3£®4 Ionic liquid mixture 81
3£®4£®1 Imidazolium-based ionic liquid mixture 81
3£®4£®2 Pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid mixture 84
3£®4£®3 Pyridinium-based ionic liquid mixture 85
3£®5 Conclusions 86
References 87
Chapter 4 XPS of Solute-solvent Interaction in Ionic Liquids 93
4£®1 Introduction 93
4£®2 Formation of a phosphineimidazolylidene palladium complex 95
4£®3 Pd as a probe of solute-solvent interactions 102
4£®4 Selection of anions£º correlation of binding energy to established metrics 105
4£®5 Can the solvent environment be tuned 108
4£®6 Can anion basicity impact on the reaction rate 110
4£®6£®1 Suzuki cross coupling reaction 111
4£®6£®2 Correlation of binding energy with reaction rate 111
4£®6£®3 The catalytic activity of the palladium centre inionic liquid mixture 114
4£®7 Conclusions 114
References 115
Chapter 5 XPS of Metal-ligand Interaction in Ionic Liquids 123
5£®1 Introduction 123
5£®2 Detection of the rhodium centre in solution 125
5£®3 Formation of the mono-phosphine rhodium complex 128
5£®4 Investigation of the chelated diphosphine rhodium complex 131
5£®5 Correlation of reaction selectivity and binding energy 133
5£®6 Conclusions 135
References 136
Appendix XP Spectra 142
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