º½Ìì´«¸ÐÆ÷

SERIES PREFACE
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABOUT THE SERIES EDITOR
ABOUT THE EDITOR
1 INTRODUCTION
1£®1 General Considerations
1£®1£®1 Types of Aerospace Vehicles and Missions
1£®1£®2 The Role of Sensors and Control Systems in Aerospace
1£®1£®3 Specific Design Criteria for Aerospace Vehicles and their Sensors
1£®1£®4 Physical Principles Influencing Primary Aerospace Sensor Design
1£®1£®5 Reference Frames Accepted in Aviation and Astronautics
1£®2 Characteristics and Challenges of the Atmospheric Environment
1£®2£®1 Components of the Earth's Atmosphere
1£®2£®2 Stationary Models of the Atmosphere
1£®2£®3 Anisotropy and Variability in the Atmosphere
1£®2£®4 Electrical Charges in the Atmosphere
1£®2£®5 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in the Atmosphere
1£®2£®6 Geomagnetism
1£®2£®7 The Planetary Atmosphere
1£®3 Characteristics and Challenges of the Space Environment
1£®3£®1 General Considerations
1£®3£®2 Near¡ªEarth Space
1£®3£®3 Circumsolar £¨Near¡ªSun£© Space
1£®3£®4 Matter in Space
1£®3£®5 Distances and Time Scales in Deep Space
References

2 AIR PRESSURE¡ªDEPENDENT SENSORS
2£®1 Basic Aircraft Instrumentation
2£®2 Fundamental Physical Properties of Airflow
2£®2£®1 Fundamental Airflow Physical Property Definitions
2£®2£®1£®1 Pressure
2£®2£®1£®2 Air Density
2£®2£®1£®3 Temperature
2£®2£®1£®4 Flow Velocity
2£®2£®2 The Equation of State for a Perfect Gas
2£®2£®3 Extension o fDefinitions£º Total£¬ Dynamic£¬ Static£¬ and Stagnation
2£®2£®4 The Speed of Sound and Mach Number
2£®2£®4£®1 The Speed of Sound
2£®2£®4£®2 Mach Number and Compressibility
2£®2£®5 The Source of Aerodynamic Forces
2£®3 Altitude Conventions
2£®4 Barometric Altimeters
2£®4£®1 Theoretical Considerations
2£®4£®1£®1 The Troposphere
2£®4£®1£®2 The Stratosphere
2£®4£®2 Barometric Altimeter Principles and Construction
2£®4£®3 Barometric Altimeter Errors
2£®4£®3£®1 Methodical Errors
2£®4£®3£®2 Instrumental Errors
2£®5 Airspeed Conventions
2£®6 The Manometric Airspeedlndicator
2£®6£®1 Manometric Airspeedlndicator Principles and Construction
2£®6£®2 Theoretical Considerations
2£®6£®2£®1 Subsonic Incompressible Operation
2£®6£®2£®2 Subsonic Compressible Operation
2£®6£®2£®3 Supersonic Operation
2£®6£®3 Manometric Airspeed Indicator Errors
2£®6£®3£®1 Methodical Errors
2£®6£®3£®2 Instrumental Errors
2£®7 The Vertical Speed Indicator £¨VSI£©
2£®7£®1 VSI Principles and Construction
2£®7£®2 Theoretical Considerations
2£®7£®2£®1 Lag Rate £¨Time Constant£©
2£®7£®2£®2 Sensitivity to Mach Number
2£®7£®2£®3 Sensitivity to Altitude
2£®7£®3 VSI Errors
2£®8 Angles of Attack and Slip
2£®8£®1 The Pivoted Vane
2£®8£®2 The Differential Pressure Tube
2£®8£®3 The Null¡ªSeeking Pressure Tube
References
Appendix

3 RADAR ALTIMETERS
3£®1 Introduction
3£®1£®1 Definitions
3£®1£®2 Altimetry Methods
3£®1£®3 General Principles of Radar Altimetry
3£®1£®4 Classification by Different Features
3£®1£®5 Application and Performance Characteristics
3£®1£®5£®1 Aircraft Applications
3£®1£®5£®2 Spacecraft Applications
3£®1£®5£®3 Military Applications
3£®1£®5£®4 Remote Sensing Applications
3£®1£®6 Performance Characteristics
3£®2 Pulse Radar Altimeters
3£®2£®1 Principle of Operation
3£®2£®2 Pulse Duration
3£®2£®3 Tracking Altimeters
3£®2£®4 Design Principles
3£®2£®5 Features of Altimeters with Pulse Compression
3£®2£®6 Pulse Laser Altimetry
3£®2£®7 Some Examples
3£®2£®8 Validation
3£®2£®9 Future Trends
3£®3 Continuous Wave Radar Altimeters
3£®3£®1 Principles of Continuous Wave Radar
3£®3£®2 FMCW Radar Waveforms
3£®3£®3 Design Principles and Structural Features
3£®3£®3£®1 Local Oscillator Automatic Tuning
3£®3£®3£®2 Single¡ªSideband Receiver Structure
3£®3£®4 The Doppler Effect
3£®3£®5 Alternative Measuring Devices for FMCW Altimeters
3£®3£®6 Accuracy and Unambiguous Altitude
3£®3£®7 Aviation Applications
3£®4 Phase Precise Radar Altimeters
3£®4£®1 The Phase Method of Range Measurement
3£®4£®2 The Two¡ªFrequency Phase Method
3£®4£®3 Ambiguity and Accuracy in the Two¡ªFrequency Method
3£®4£®4 Phase Ambiguity Resolution
3£®4£®5 Waveforms
3£®4£®6 Measuring Devices and Signal Processing
3£®4£®7 Remarks on the Accuracy of CW and Pulse Radar Altimeters
3£®5 Radioactive Altimeters for Space Application
3£®5£®1 Motivation and History
3£®5£®2 Physical Bases
3£®5£®2£®1 Features of Radiation
3£®5£®2£®2 Generators of Photon Emission
3£®5£®2£®3 Receivers
3£®5£®2£®4 Propagation Features
3£®5£®3 Principles of Operation
3£®5£®4 Radiation Dosage
3£¬5£®5 Examples of Radioisotope Altimeters
References

4 AUTONOMOUS RADIO SENSORS FOR MOTION PARAMETERS
4£®1 Introduction
4£®2 Doppler Sensors for Ground Speed and Crab Angle
4£®2£®1 Physical Basis and Functions
4£®2£®2 Principle of Operation
4£®2£®3 Classification and Features of Sensors for Ground Speed and Crab Angle
4£®2£®4 Generalized Structural Diagram for the Ground Speed'and Crab Angle Meter
4£®2£®5 Design Principles
4£®2£®6 Sources of Doppler Radar Errors
4£®2£®7 Examples
4£®3 Airborne Weather Sensors
4£®3£®1 Weather Radar as Mandatory Equipment of Airliners and Transport Aircraft
4£®3£®2 Multifunctionality of Airborne Weather Radar
4£®3£®3 Meteorological Functions of AWR
4£®3£®4 Principles ofDWP Detection with AWR
4£®3£®4£®1 Developing Methods of DWP Detection
4£®3£®4£®2 Cumulonimbus Clouds and Heavy Rain
4£®3£®4£®3 Turbulence Detection
4£®3£®4£®4 Wind Shear Detection
4£®3£®4£®5 Hail Zone Detection
4£®3£®4£®6 Probable Icing¡ªin¡ªflight Zone Detection
4£®3£®5 Surface Mapping
4£®3£®5£®1 Comparison of Radar and Visual Orientation
4£®3£®5£®2 The Surface¡ªMapping Principle
4£®3£®5£®3 Reflecting Behavior ofthe Earth's Surface
4£®3£®5£®4 The Radar Equation and Signal Correction
4£®3£®5£®5 Automatic Classification of Navigational Landmarks
4£®3£®6 AWR Design Principles
4£®3£®6£®1 The Operating Principle and Typical Structure of AWR
4£®3£®6£®2 AWR Structures
4£®3£®6£®3 Performance Characteristics£º Basic Requirements
4£®3£®7 AWR Examples
4£®3£®8 Lightning Sensor Systems£º Stormscopes
4£®3£®9 Optical Radar
4£®3£®9£®1 Doppler Lidar
4£®3£®9£®2 Infrared Locators and Radiometers
4£®3£®10 The Integrated Localization of Dangerous Phenomena
4£®4 Collision Avoidance Sensors
4£®4£®1 Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems £¨TCAS£©
4£®4£®1£®1 The Purpose
4£®4£®1£®2 A Short History
4£®4£®1£®3 TCAS Levels of Capability
4£®4£®1£®4 TCAS Concepts and Principles of Operation
4£®4£®1£®5 Basic Components
4£®4£®1£®6 Operation
4£®4£®1£®7 TCAS Logistics
4£®4£®1£®8 Cockpit Presentation
4£®4£®1£®9 Examples of System Implementation
4£®4£®2 The Ground Proximity Warning System £¨GPWS£©
4£®4£®2£®1 Purpose and Necessity
4£®4£®2£®2 GPWS History£¬ Principles£¬ and Evolution
4£®4£®2£®3 GPWS Modes
4£®4£®2£®4 Shortcomings of Classical GPWS
4£®4£®2£®5 Enhanced GPWSs
4£®4£®2£®6 Look¡ªAhead Warnings
4£®4£®2£®7 Implementation Examples
References
¡­¡­

5 DEVICES AND SENSORS FOR LINEAR ACCELERATION MEASUREMENT
6 GYROSCOPIC DEVICES AND SENSORS
7 COMPASSES
8 PROPULSION SENSORS
9 PRINCIPLES AND EXAMPLES OF SENSORINTEGRATION
EPILOGUE
INDEX