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1polarised electromagnetic waves¼«»¯µç´Å²¨1.1the generation of polarised waves¼«»¯²¨µÄ²úÉú1.1.1maxwell¡¯s equations and vector plane wavesÂó¿Ë˹Τ·½³Ì×éÓëʸÁ¿Æ½Ã沨1.1.2polarised wave coordinate systems¼«»¯²¨×ø±êϵ1.2the propagation of polarised waves¼«»¯²¨µÄ´«²¥1.2.1case i: wave propagation in isotropic media and c2 symmetry¸÷ÏòͬÐÔ½éÖÊÖв¨µÄ´«²¥ºÍc2¶Ô³ÆÐÔ1.2.2case ii: wave propagation in anisotropic media¸÷ÏòÒìÐÔ½éÖÊÖв¨µÄ´«²¥1.2.3case iii: propagation in chiral mediaÊÖ£¨Õ÷£©ÐÔ½éÖÊÖв¨µÄ´«²¥1.2.4the jones calculus: homogeneous and inhomogeneous propagation channelsjones¼ÆËã·¨£º¾ùÔÈÓë·Ç¾ùÔÈ´«ÊäͨµÀ1.2.5the polar decomposition¾ØÕóµÄ¼«·Ö½â1.2.6propagation in stochastic channelsËæ»úͨµÀÖеĴ«Êä1.2.7the foldy¨Clax equationsfoldy¨Clax·½³Ì1.3the geometry of polarised waves¼«»¯²¨¼¸ºÎ1.3.1the polarisation ellipse¼«»¯ÍÖÔ²1.3.2polarisation geometry for paraxial waves½üÖᲨµÄ¼«»¯¼¸ºÎ1.3.3the poincar¨¦ spherepoincar¨¦Çò1.3.4the stokes vectorstokesʸÁ¿1.4the scattering of polarised waves¼«»¯²¨µÄÉ¢Éä1.4.1the scattering amplitude matrix [s]É¢Éä·ù¶È¾ØÕó[s]1.4.2back and forward scattering alignment (bsa and fsa) systemsºóÏòÓëÇ°ÏòÉ¢Éä×ø±êϵ1.4.3singular value analysis of the scattering matrixÉ¢Éä¾ØÕóµÄÆæÒìÖµ·ÖÎö1.4.4combined wave propagation and scattering effects×ۺϿ¼ÂÇ´«²¥Ð§Ó¦ºÍÉ¢ÉäЧӦ1.5geometry of the scattering matrixÉ¢Éä¾ØÕ󼸺Î1.5.1polarisation signatures¼«»¯ÌØÕ÷1.5.2the polarisation fork¼«»¯²æ1.5.3lorentz geometry and the scattering matrixlorentz¼¸ºÎÓëÉ¢Éä¾ØÕó1.6the scattering vector formulationÉ¢ÉäʸÁ¿±í´ïʽ1.6.1scattering mechanismsÉ¢Éä»úÀí2depolarisation and scattering entropyÈ¥¼«»¯ÓëÉ¢ÉäìØ2.1the wave coherency matrix²¨Ïà¸É¾ØÕó2.1.1the wave dichotomy²¨µÄ¶þ·Ö·¨2.2the mueller matrixmueller¾ØÕó2.2.1properties of the mueller matrixmueller¾ØÕóµÄÐÔÖÊ2.2.2the backscatter mueller and stokes reflection matrixºóÏòÉ¢Éämueller¾ØÕóÓëstokes·´Éä¾ØÕó2.2.3the stokes criterionstokes×¼Ôò2.3the scattering coherency matrix formulationÉ¢ÉäÏà¸É¾ØÕó±í´ïʽ2.3.1eigenvalue decomposition of the coherency and covariance matricesÏà¸É¾ØÕóºÍЭ·½²î¾ØÕóµÄÌØÕ÷Öµ·Ö½â2.4general theory of scattering entropyÉ¢ÉäìصÄÒ»°ãÀíÂÛ2.4.1depolarisation for n=2 scattering systemsn=2É¢ÉäϵͳµÄÈ¥¼«»¯2.4.2depolarisation for n = 3 scattering systemsn=3É¢ÉäϵͳµÄÈ¥¼«»¯2.4.3depolarisation in n = 4 scattering systemsn=4É¢ÉäϵͳµÄÈ¥¼«»¯2.5characterization of depolarising systemsÈ¥¼«»¯ÏµÍ³µÄ±íÕ÷2.6relating the stokes/mueller and coherency matrix formulationsstokes/mueller¾ØÕóÓëÏà¸É¾ØÕóµÄ¹Øϵʽ3depolarisation in surface and volume scattering±íÃæÉ¢ÉäÓëÌåÉ¢ÉäÈ¥¼«»¯3.1introduction to surface scattering±íÃæÉ¢Éä½éÉÜ3.1.1the fresnel equationsfresnel·½³Ì×é3.1.2polarisation properties of surface backscatter±íÃæºóÏòÉ¢É伫»¯ÌØÐÔ3.1.3the bragg surface scattering model²¼À­¸ñ±íÃæÉ¢ÉäÄ£ÐÍ3.1.4coherent surface scattering componentÏà¸É±íÃæÉ¢Éä·ÖÁ¿3.1.5the effect of surface slope on the scattering matrixÉ¢Éä¾ØÕóÖеıíÃæƶÈЧӦ3.2surface depolarisation±íÃæÉ¢ÉäÈ¥¼«»¯3.2.1the extended or x-bragg modelÀ©Õ¹braggÄ£ÐÍ3.2.2polarisation effects in bistatic surface scatteringË«Õ¾±íÃæÉ¢ÉäÖеļ«»¯Ð§Ó¦3.3introduction to volume scatteringÌåÉ¢Éä½éÉÜ3.3.1small particle scattering΢СÖʵãÉ¢Éä3.3.2scattering by large particles´óÖʵãÉ¢Éä3.4depolarisation in volume scatteringÌåÉ¢ÉäÈ¥¼«»¯3.4.1volume scattering with reflection symmetryÂú×ã·´Éä¶Ô³ÆÐÔµÄÌåÉ¢Éä3.4.2bistatic volume scatteringË«Õ¾ÌåÉ¢Éä3.4.3depolarisation in multiple scattering¶à´ÎÉ¢ÉäÈ¥¼«»¯3.5simple physical models for volume scattering and propagationÌåÉ¢Éä¼°´«²¥¹ý³ÌµÄ¼òµ¥ÎïÀíÄ£ÐÍ3.5.1the water cloud model (wcm)Ë®ÔÆÄ£ÐÍ£¨wcm£©3.5.2ulaby model: two-phase volume propagation modelsÎÚÀ­±ÈÄ£ÐÍ£ºÁ½½×¶ÎÌå´«²¥Ä£ÐÍ3.5.3forest extinction modelsÉ­ÁÖË¥¼õÄ£ÐÍ3.5.4dual polarised surface and volume depolarisationË«¼«»¯±íÃæÓëÌåÉ¢ÉäÈ¥¼«»¯4decomposition theorems·Ö½âÀíÂÛ4.1coherent decomposition theoremsÏà¸É·Ö½âÀíÂÛ4.1.1roll invariance and eigenvectorsÐýת²»±äÐÔÓëÌØÕ÷ʸÁ¿4.1.2krogager and cameron decompositionskrogagerÓëcameron·Ö½â4.1.3the scattering alpha parameterÉ¢Éä½Ç²ÎÊý4.1.4orthogonal scattering mechanismsÕý½»É¢Éä»úÖÆ4.1.5orthogonality of scattering mechanisms in natural terrain×ÔÈ»µØ±íÉ¢Éä»úÖƵÄÕý½»ÐÔ4.2incoherent decomposition theorems·ÇÏà¸É·Ö½âÀíÂÛ4.2.1the huynen decomposition: rank 1 scattering + noise decompositionshuynen·Ö½â£ºÖÈΪ1µÄÉ¢Éä+ÔëÉù·Ö½â4.2.2the cloude¨Cpottier decompositioncloude-pottier·Ö½â4.2.3model-based incoherent decompositions»ùÓÚÄ£Ð͵ķÇÏà¸É·Ö½â4.2.4the freeman¨Cdurden decompositionfreeman-durden·Ö½â4.2.5generalized freeman¨Cdurden decompositions¹ãÒåfreeman-durden·Ö½â