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Chapter 1 Molecular UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 11.1 Basic Properties of Light 11.2 Electron Transition 21.2.1 Ground State and Excited State 21.2.2 Electron Transition Type 41.2.3 Transition Allowed and Transition Forbidden 41.3 UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 61.3.1 Absorption Rule 61.3.2 Lamber-Beer’s Law 61.3.3 UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 71.3.4 UV-Vis Absorption Spectrometer 81.4 Factors of Influence on the UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 81.4.1 Basic Concepts 81.4.2 Conjugation Effect 11Chapter 1 Molecular UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 11.1 Basic Properties of Light 11.2 Electron Transition 21.2.1 Ground State and Excited State 21.2.2 Electron Transition Type 41.2.3 Transition Allowed and Transition Forbidden 41.3 UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 61.3.1 Absorption Rule 61.3.2 Lamber-Beer’s Law 61.3.3 UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 71.3.4 UV-Vis Absorption Spectrometer 81.4 Factors of Influence on the UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum 81.4.1 Basic Concepts 81.4.2 Conjugation Effect 111.4.3 Steric Effect 131.4.4 Solvent Effect 141.4.5 Substituent Effect 171.4.6 Concentration Effect 181.4.7 Absorption Spectrum of Molecular Aggregates 191.5 Molecular Structure and Color 20 Chapter 2 Fluorescence Spectra and Fluorescent Sensors 242.1 Luminescence 242.1.1 Excited State and Decay 242.1.2 Singlet State and Triplet State 252.1.3 Excited State Decay 252.1.4 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 262.1.5 Internal Conversion and Intersystem Crossing 272.1.6 Jablonski Diagram 272.2 Fluorescence Spectra 282.2.1 Fluorescence Emission Spectra 282.2.2 Fluorescence Spectrum Characteristics 292.2.3 Fluorescence Properties 312.3 Factors Influencing Fluorescence Properties 332.3.1 Conjugation Effect 332.3.2 Planar Effect 342.3.3 Substituent Effect 352.3.4 Solvent Effect 362.3.5 Concentration Effect 392.3.6 Other Factors 412.4 Phosphorescence Emission 432.5 Radiative Energy Transfer and Non-radiative Energy Transfer 442.5.1 Radiative Energy Transfer 452.5.2 Non-radiative Energy Transfer 482.5.3 Stern-Volmer Quenching Equation 492.6 Fluorescence Chemical Sensor 512.6.1 Structure of Fluorescent Sensing Molecule 512.6.2 Signal Expression of Fluorescence Sensor 522.6.3 Examples of Fluorescent Sensors 55 Chapter 3 Photochromic and Electrochromic Materials 583.1 Photochromism 583.1.1 Chromic Materials 583.1.2 Photochromism 583.1.3 Photochromism Mechanism 583.2 Photochromic Materials 593.2.1 Azo Derivatives 593.2.2 Salicylideneanilines (Schiff’s Base) 623.2.3 Diarylethenes 633.2.4 Spiropyrans 653.3 Photochromic Materials Applications 653.3.1 Optical Switches 653.3.2 Optical Information Storage 663.4 Electrochromic Materials 673.4.1 Viologens 683.4.2 Polyanilines 693.4.3 Metal Phthalocyanines (Phthalocyanine Complexes) 713.4.4 Polypyridyl Metal Complexes 743.4.5 Electrochromic Parameters 773.4.6 Electrochromic Devices 803.4.7 Electrochromic Device Applications 82 Chapter 4 Organic Light-emitting Diodes 844.1 OLED Research Development 844.2 OLEDs Structures 854.2.1 Single-layer OLED 864.2.2 Multi-layer OLED 874.3 OLEDs Product Categories 874.4 OLEDs Working Principles 884.5 OLEDs Performance Parameters 904.6 OLED Materials 934.6.1 Organic Luminescent Materials 944.6.2 Carrier Transport Materials 974.6.3 Electrode Materials of OLEDs 984.7 Key Factors on OLED Performances 994.7.1 Energy Level Matching 994.7.2 Mobility Matching 1034.8 OLED Production Process 104 Chapter 5 Liquid Crystal Display Materials and Technology 1075.1 Introduction 1075.2 Liquid Crystals Classification 1085.3 Liquid Crystals Chemical Structures 1095.4 Liquid Crystal Phases 1115.4.1 Nematic Liquid Crystals 1115.4.2 Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 1115.4.3 Smectic Liquid Crystals 1125.5 Liquid Crystal Domains 1125.6 Physical Properties 1135.6.1 LC Temperature Range 1145.6.2 Viscosity 1155.6.3 Dielectric Constant 1165.6.4 Refractive Index 1185.7 Liquid Crystal Displays 1195.7.1 Basic Components 1195.7.2 Working Principle 120 Chapter 6 Organic Field-Effect Transistor Materials and Devices 1226.1 Field-Effect Transistors 1226.1.1 Basic Conceptions 1226.1.2 p-n Junction Semiconductor Diode 1246.1.3 Semiconductor Triode 1256.2 Organic Field Effect Transistor 1266.2.1 OFET Device Structure 1266.2.2 OFET Working Principle 1276.3 OFET Performances 1286.3.1 Device Mobility 1286.3.2 On/Off Ratio 1296.3.3 Threshold Voltage 1306.3.4 Saturation and Unsaturation Regions 1306.4 OFET Materials 1316.4.1 Organic Semiconductor Materials 1316.4.2 Electrode Materials 1346.4.3 Insulating Layer Materials 1366.4.4 Substrate Materials 1366.5 OFET Fabrication Processes 1376.5.1 Silk-screen Printing 1376.5.2 Inkjet Printing 138 Chapter 7 Organic Solar Energy Materials and Devices 1407.1 Solar Spectrum and Solar Energy Utilization 1407.1.1 Solar Spectrum 1407.1.2 Solar Energy Utilization 1417.2 Organic Solar Cell 1417.2.1 Working Principle 1427.2.2 Performance Parameters 1427.2.3 OSC Structures 1447.2.4 Organic Solar Active Materials 1477.3 Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) 1497.3.1 Dye Sensitization Principle 1497.3.2 DSSC Device Structure 1507.3.3 DSSC Working Principle 1517.3.4 DSSC Materials 1527.3.5 Factors influencing DSSCs Performances 1557.4 Conversion from Solar Energy to Chemical Energy 1567.4.1 Photosynthesis 1567.4.2 Conversion of Solar Energy to Hydrogen Energy 1587.5 Conversion of Solar Energy to Heat 160 Chapter 8 Organic Photoconductors and Devices 1628.1 Organic Photoconductor Principle 1628.2 OPC Performance Parameters 1638.3 OPC Materials 1658.3.1 Phthalocyanine and Metalphthalocyanine 1658.3.2 Polyvinylcarbazole 1678.3.3 PVC Composites 1688.3.4 Squaraine Dye 1708.4 OPC Devices 1718.4.1 OPC Device Composition 1718.4.2 OPC Device Structure 1718.4.3 OPC Device Working Principle 1728.4.4 OPC Device Parameters 172 Chapter 9 Two-photon Absorption Materials and Applications 1749.1 Two-photon Absorption 1749.1.1 Nonlinear Optical Phenomena 1749.1.2 Two-photon Absorption 1759.2 Two-photon Absorption Applications 1759.2.1 Optical Power Limiting 1769.2.2 Two-photon Upconversion Lasing 1789.2.3 Two-photon Data Storage 1809.2.4 Two-photon Photodynamic Therapy 1829.2.5 Two-photon Cofocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) 1839.3 Strong Two-photon Absorption Chromophores 1849.3.1 Theoretical Molecular Designs 1849.3.2 Asymmetric Molecular Structures 1869.3.3 Symmetric Molecular Structures 189References 192 Chapter 10 Triplet-triplet Annihilation Upconversion Materials and Applications 19310.1 Triplet-triplet Annihilation Upconversion 19310.1.1 Differences between TTA-UC and TPA-UC 19410.1.2 TTA-UC Efficiency 19510.2 Potential Applications of TTA-UC 19810.2.1 Upconversion-powered Photoelectrochemistry 19810.2.2 Upconversion-powered Solar Cell 20010.2.3 TTA-UC-powered Photolysis of Bilirubin 20210.3 Triplet-triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems 20310.3.1 Solution-based Upconversion Systems 20310.3.2 Polymer-based Upconversion Systems 208References 212