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Preface 1£® The Origin and Development of LiDAR Techniques 1£®1 Introduction and History of LiDAR 1£®2 Classification of LiDAR Hardware 1£®3 Commercial LiDAR Hardware 1£®4 LiDAR Software 1£®5 The Importance of LiDAR in Forest Ecology Applications 1£®6 Chapter Summary References 2£® Working Principles of LiDAR 2£®1 Ranging Principle of LiDAR 2£®2 Radiation Principle of LiDAR 2£®3 Working Principle of Terrestrial LiDAR 2£®4 Working Principle of Near-Surface LiDAR 2£®5 Working Principle of Airborne LiDAR 2£®6 Working Principle of Spaceborne LiDAR 2£®7 Chapter Summary References 3£® LiDAR Field Workflow and Systematic Error Sources 3£®1 Basic Operation of Terrestrial LiDAR 3£®2 Basic Operation of Mobile and Backpack LiDAR 3£®3 Basic Operation of Airborne and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle LiDAR 3£®4 Error Sources in LiDAR Data Collection 3£®5 Chapter Summary References 4£® LiDAR Data Formats 4£®1 Format£¬ Composition£¬ and Characteristics of Point Cloud Data 4£®2 Indexing of Point Cloud Data 4£®3 Reading Point Cloud Data 4£®4 Reading Full-Waveform Data 4£®5 Chapter Summary References 5£®Data Preprocessing and Feature Extraction 5£®1 Point Cloud Resolving 5£®2 Point Cloud Registration 5£®3 LiDAR Point Cloud Denoising 5£®4 Point Cloud Feature Extraction 5£®5 Point Cloud Classification 5£®6 Chapter Summary References 6£® LiDAR Data Filtering and Digital Elevation Model Generation 6£®1 Introduction to LiDAR Data Filtering 6£®2 Introduction to Filtering Methods 6£®3 Accuracy Evaluation Methods 6£®4 Digital Elevation Model Generation 6£®5 Chapter Summary References 7£® Forest Structural Attribute Extraction 7£®1 Stand-Level Structural Attribute Extraction 7£®2 Individual Tree Segmentation 7£®3 Wood-Leaf Separation 7£®4 Individual Tree- and Organ-Level Structural Attribute Extraction 7£®5 Structural Attributes Extracted Through the Fusion of Multiplatform LiDAR Data 7£®6 Chapter Summary References 8£® Estimation of Forest Functional Attributes 8£®1 Canopy Cover and Closure 8£®2 Leaf Area Index 8£®3 Growing Stock and Biomass 8£®4 Tree Species Classification 8£®5 Chapter Summary References ¡­¡­ 9£® Forest Structural and Functional Attribute Upscaling UsingSpaceborne LiDAR Data 10£® LiDAR-Based Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Models and Applications 11£® Visualization and Reconstruction of Forest Ecosystems 12£® Forest Dynamics Monitoring 13£® Applications of LiDAR in Biodiversity Conservation£¬ Ecohydrology£¬ and Ecological Process Modeling of Forest Ecosystems 14£® LiDAR Applications in Other Ecosystems 15£® Challenges and Opportunities for LiDAR Index