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¡¾Ä¿Â¼¡¿ Acknowledgements List of figures and tables Abbreviations Introduction CHAPTER 1 Crowdsourcingand collaborative translationin Translation Studies:Definitions and types 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The wider context:Thecrowdsourcingparadigm 1.2.1 Definitionsof crowdsourcing 1.2.2 Typologiesof crowdsourcing 1.2.2.1 Estelles and Gonzalez(2012b)typologyof crowdsourcing 1.2.2.2 Brabham's(2008,2013)typology of crowdsourcing 1.3 Collaboration intranslation 1.3.1 Translation crowdsourcing 1.3.2 Online collaborativetranslations 1.3.3 Common featuresof crowdsourcing and onlinecollaborative translations 1.3.4 Distinguishingfeatures of crowdsourcing and onlinecollaborative translations 1.4 Definitions of translationcrowdsourcing and typesof collaborativepracticesin TS 1.5 Mapping crowdsourcing intorelated TSconcepts 1.6 Classifications of online collaborative translations 1.7 Which translations are outsourced?Of preferredgenresand translation types CHAPTER 2 The emergence of crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Collaborative translations:A brief historical overviewuntil the Internetera(until 1980) 2.3 The emergenceof personalcomputing,the Internetandthe WwW(1980-1995) 2.4 Participatorycultureson theInternet as a foundationfor collaborative translations(1980s) 2.5 Thedevelopmentof collaborative translations on the web(1995-2005) 2.5.1 The emergence of fansubbing 2.5.2 The early days of videogame "rom hacking"and opensoftwarelocalization 2.5.3 The emergence of crowdsourcing and collaborativetranslationtechnological platforms(2000-2005) 2.6 Crowdsourcing translation goes mainstream(2005-2010):From social networking sites to Wikipedia and non-profit initiatives 2.7 A continuing evolution:Paid crowdsourcingand theexplorationof the limits of crowdsourcing(2010-20xx) CHAPTER 3 Crowdsourcing and theindustry:From workflowsto prescriptive approaches 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Revolutionizingtraditional professional translation processes 3.3 Crowdsourcing processes from aworkflow perspective 3.4 Workflows and novel approaches totranslation 3.4.1 Social networking sites:Facebook 3.4.2 Non-Profits:Kiva and Trommons 3.4.3 MT post-editing:Asia Online and Crowdin 3.4.4 Audiovisual translation:TED and Amara 3.4.5 The fansubbing process 3.5 Crowdsourcing platforms:An overview 3.6 Post-editingMTand crowdsourcing 3.7 Crowdsourcing and prescription:Industry andthe case of motivation CHAPTER 4 Crowdsourcing and Cognitive Translation Studies:Movingbeyond the individuals mind 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Distributed andextended cognition inthe ageoftranslation crowdsourcing 4.2.1 The introduction of embodied,situated and extended cognition approaches totranslation 4.3 But what is anexpert anyhow?Insights fromCognitiveTranslatology 4.3-1 Expertise intranslation andnon-professionals:Findings 4.4 Othersignificant issuesinCT:Cognition,technology andemotions 4.5 Reflections on new methodologies:Internet-mediated methodsandcollaborative translation protocols CHAPTER 5 Crowdsourcing:Challenges totranslation quality 5.1 Introduction 5-2 Translation quality:A multifractal notion in constant evolution 5.3 Dynamicity in models of translation qualit:Towards adaptable modelsof quality 5.31 Quality tiers in MT:Towards amodel for crowdsourcingand collaborative models 5.3.2 Paidcrowdsourcing and thecustomizationof translation quality 5-4 Guaranteeingquality in crowdsourcing 5.5 Crowdsourcing,quality andchallenges to TS 5.5.1 Translationtheory:A prerequisite for quality evaluation? 5.5.2 The minimalunit to evaluate quality:Between internaland external quality 5.5-3 Is translationqualityalways improvingthrough theprocess? 5.5-4 Crowdsourcing anddiferentassessment types 5.5-5 Translation qualityinMT 5.6 A criticalreview of the iterative translate/vote crowdsourcingapproachesin thelight of Translation Studies 5.6.1 The Facebookmodeland reader-response approaches 5.6.2 The iterative quality modelsand functionalistapproaches 5.6.3 Corpus-assisted approaches 5.7 Empirical studies oncrowdsourcing translation quality in TS CHAPTER 6 Texts andcrowdsourcing:Perspectives fromtextual,discursiveand linguistic approaches 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Definingtexts inan eraof dynamic textsproducedin collaboration 6.3 The atomization of texts in TS:From TMtolocalization 6.3.1 Textual segmentationand TM 6.3.2 Textual segmentationand localization 6.4 Texts in a crowdsourcing era:Insights from linguistics and TS 6.5 ¡°Entire texts¡±asthe unit of translation:The crowdsourcing perspective 6.6 The¡°unit of translation¡±andcrowdsourcing 6.7 Redefining crowdsourced "texts"as atranslation product CHAPTER7 Fansubs and AVT norms 7.1 Introduction 7.2 From professional norms to ¡°abusive subtitling¡±...and back 7.3 Translation and subtitlingnorms in fansubbing research 7.4 Fansubbing or how collaboration canchallenge translation norms 7.4.1 Challenges to professional audiovisual normsfrom fansubbing 7.5 Challenges to subtitling norms:A summary CHAPTER 8 Crowdsourcing:Insights from the sociology of translation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The "sociological turn"in TS 8.2.1 Bourdieu's theory offields and the translator's "habitu" 8.2.2 Latour's Actor-Networktheory and collaborative translations 8.3 Overlapping turns:Whenthe sociologicaland the technological turns collide 8.3.1 Crowdsourcingand the "economicturn" 8.3.2 The ¡°activist turn¡±andcollaborativepractices 8.4 Ethics of translationina participatorydigital world 8.4.1 TS research into theethicsof crowdsourcing 8.4.2 Copyright infringementandfansubbing 8.5 Methodologies fromthesocial sciences in research into collaborative practices 8.5.1 Questionnaireand surveymethodologies in the studyof crowdsourcing 8.5.2 Netnographic approachesand mixed methods 8.6 Motivationto participate in online collaborative initiatives:Asummary 8.7 Volunteerprofiles:Asummary CHAPTER9 Crowdsourcing and translation training 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Crowdsourcing andcollaborative translationin training:The path fromvolunteer to professional 9.3 Are online collaborative practices "acidentaltraining"environments? 9.4 Socio-constructivist approaches and crowdsourcing 9.4.1 The development of online collaborative trainingmodels 9.5 The search for constructive feedback:Onthe identifcationof initiatives that can enhance students learning 9.5.1 Neunzigand Tanqueiro's(2005)classificationof online translation feedback 9.5-2 Aclassification of collaborative initiatives on the basisof feedback 9.6 Translationcompetence modelsin Cognitive Translatology the development of translation competence and collaborative voluntarism 9.6.1 Translation competence in TS 9.6.2 The PACTE and TRANSCOMP translationcompetence models 9.6.3 The acquisitionof translation competence 9.7 Componential translationcompetence modelsfromthe perspectiveof collaborative voluntarism CHAPTER 10 Conclusions 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Language industry perspectivesand impact on the profession 10.3 Impact on TranslationStudies Refercnces Index