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Part¢ñ Academic Reading Unit 1 Electric Circuits 2 1.1 Circuit Elements 2 1.2 Basic Laws 4 1.2.1 Ohm's Law 4 1.2.2 Kirchhoff's Laws 6 1.3 Circuit Analysis 8 1.3.1 Nodal Analysis 8 1.3.2 Mesh Analysis 10 Exercises 12 Unit 2 Embedded Systems 15 2.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems 15 2.1.1 Early Forms of Embedded Systems 15 2.1.2 Birth and Evolution of Modern Embedded Systems 16 2.1.3 Contemporary Embedded Systems 18 2.2 Structure of an Embedded System 21 2.2.1 Hardware Components 22 2.2.2 Software Components 23 2.3 Microprocessors Versus Microcontrollers 26 2.3.1 Microprocessor Units 26 2.3.2 Microcontroller Units 27 2.3.3 RISC Versus CISC and RISC Architectures 28 2.3.4 Programmer and Hardware Models 28 Exercises 30 Unit 3 Integrated Circuits 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 PN Junction and Diode 38 3.3 Transistor 43 3.3.1 BJT 43 3.3.2 FET 44 3.4 FPGA 48 3.4.1 FPGA Versus Microcontroller 48 3.4.2 What Is a Programmable Gate Array? 48 3.4.3 How Do You Program an