ELECTROSLAG REMELTING TOWARDS CLEAN STEEL

1 Introduction to Electroslag Remelting References 2 Clean Steel Production by Electroslag Remelting 2.1 Cleanliness Target 2.2 Oxygen and Oxide Inclusions 2.3 Sulfur and Desulfurization 2.4 Hydrogen 2.5 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 2.6 Summary References 3 Deoxidation of ESR and Its Correlation with Oxide Inclusions 3.1 Background 3.2 Oxygen Transfer During ESR Process 3.3 Thermodynamic Considerations on Deoxidation of ESR 3.4 Deoxidation Kinetics of ESR 3.4.1 Development of the Kinetic Model 3.4.2 Kinetic Model Parameters 3.4.3 Application of the Developed Kinetic Model to ESR Practice 3.5 Evaluation of the Dependence of Oxygen on the Processing Parameters of ESR 3.5.1 Initial Oxygen Content of Steel Electrode 3.5.2 Oxide Inclusions in Steel Electrode 3.5.3 Remelting Atmosphere 3.5.4 Deoxidation Schemes of ESR 3.5.5 Role of Slag Compositions 3.5.6 Reoxidation of Liquid Steel 3.5.7 Melting Rate and Filling Ratio of ESR 3.6 Summary References 4 Reoxidation of Liquid Steel During ESR and Its Effect on Oxide Inclusions 4.1 Background 4.2 Experimental Work 4.3 Oxygen Content of the Steel 4.4 Inclusions in the Consumable Steel Electrode 4.5 Inclusions in the Remelted Ingots 4.6 Transient Inclusions in the Liquid Metal Pool During ESR Refining 4.7 Evolution Mechanism of Inclusions During ESR Refining 4.8 Other Cases of Inclusion Evolution During ESR 4.9 Summary References 5 Desulfurization in Electroslag Remelting 5.1 Background 5.2 Desulfurization Basis of ESR 5.3 Dependence of Desulfurization on the Processing Parameters of ESR 5.3.1 Initial Sulfur Content of Consumable Electrode 5.3.2 Remelting Atmosphere 5.3.3 Slag Composition 5.3.4 Deoxidation Schemes of ESR 5.3.5 Melting Rate of ESR 5.3.6 Electrical Parameters of ESR 5.4 Desulfurization Associated with Sulfide Inclusion Evolution During ESR