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Chapter 1 Introduction to Mass Transfer Processes 1
1£®1 Mass Transfer Processes 1
1£®1£®1 Mass Transfer and Other Separation Methods 1
1£®1£®2 Representation of Phase Compositions 4
1£®2 Mass Transfer Theories 7
1£®2£®1 Molecular Diffusion 7
1£®2£®2 Mass Transfer in a Single Phase 17
1£®2£®3 Mass Transfer between Phases 19
Words and Expressions 22
Notes 22
Calculation Exercises 24
Short Assay Exercises 24

Chapter 2 Gas Absorption 25
2£®1 Introduction 25
2£®1£®1 Gas Absorption Processes 25
2£®1£®2 Absorbent Selection 27
2£®1£®3 Classification of Gas Absorption 27
2£®2 Gas-liquid Equilibrium of Absorption 28
2£®2£®1 Solubility of Gas in Liquid 28
2£®2£®2 Henry's Law 29
2£®2£®3 Application of Phase Equilibrium Relation in Absorption Processes 33
2£®3 Absorption Rate Equations 35
2£®3£®1 Film Absorption Rate Equations 35
2£®3£®2 Overall Absorption Rate Equations 38
2£®3£®3 Application Specifications of Absorption Rate Equations 41
2£®4 Design Calculations for Absorption (or Desorption) Columns 42
2£®4£®1 Material Balance and Operating Line Equations 42
2£®4£®2 Determination of Absorbent Dosage 44
2£®4£®3 Calculation of Columns' Required Diameter 47
2£®4£®4 Calculation of Packed Layer Height 47
2£®5 Absorption Coefficients 57
2£®5£®1 Determination of Absorption Coefficients 58
2£®5£®2 Empirical Equations for Absorption Coefficients 59
2£®5£®3 Characteristic Number Correlation Equations of Absorption Coefficients 60
2£®6 Desorption and Other Absorption Processes 64
2£®6£®1 Desorption or Stripping 64
2£®6£®2 Absorption from Rich Gases 66
2£®6£®3 Absorption with Chemical Reactions 68
2£®7 Packed Columns 69
2£®7£®1 Characteristic Parameters and Types of Packings 69
2£®7£®2 Hydrodynamic Properties of Packed Columns 75
Words and Expressions 81
Notes 81
Calculation Exercises 83
Short Assay Exercises 84

Chapter 3 Distillation 85
3£®1 Introduction 85
3£®2 Vapor-liquid Equilibrium of Binary Solutions 86
3£®2£®1 Raoult's Law for Ideal Solutions 86
3£®2£®2 Relative Volatility of Vapor-liquid Systems 86
3£®2£®3 Vapor-liquid Equilibrium Phase Diagrams of Ideal Binary Systems 87
3£®2£®4 Vapor-liquid Equilibrium Phase Diagrams of Non-ideal Binary Systems 89
3£®3 Flash Distillation and Simple Distillation 91
3£®3£®1 Flash Distillation 91
3£®3£®2 Principles and Calculations of Simple Distillation 94
3£®4 Principles and Processes of Continuous Distillation 97
3£®4£®1 Principles of Distillation 97
3£®4£®2 Distillation Columns and Operating Processes of Distillation 99
3£®5 Design of Continuous Distillation Columns for Binary Mixtures 101
3£®5£®1 Concept of Ideal Plates and Hypothesis of Constant Molar Flow 102
3£®5£®2 Material Balance and Operating Line Equations 103
3£®5£®3 Effects of Feed Conditions and q Line 107
3£®5£®4 The Number of Ideal Plates 111
3£®5£®5 Special Cases for Calculation of Ideal Plates 116
3£®5£®6 Selection and Influence of the Reflux Ratio 126
3£®5£®7 Short-cut Method for Calculation of the Number of Ideal Plates 132
3£®5£®8 Plate Efficiency and Actual Plates 135
3£®5£®9 Process Calculations of Reboilers and Condensers 138
3£®5£®10 Operation Analysis of Distillation Columns 143
3£®6 Batch Distillation for Binary Mixtures 146
3£®6£®1 Processes and Characteristics of Batch Distillation 146
3£®6£®2 Calculation of Batch Distillation with Overhead Distillate at Constant Composition 146
3£®6£®3 Calculation of Batch Distillation with Constant Reflux Ratio 149
3£®7 Special Distillation 151
3£®7£®1 Azeotropic Distillation 151
3£®7£®2 Extractive Distillation 153
3£®7£®3 Molten Salt Distillation and Salt Extraction Distillation 154
3£®8 Plate Columns 155
3£®8£®1 Plate Column Equipment 155
3£®8£®2 Plate Types and Fluid Flow Phenomena on Plates 157
Words and Expressions 161
Notes 162
Calculation Exercises 164
Short Assay Exercises 168

Chapter 4 Liquid-liquid Extraction 169
4£®1 Phase Equilibrium 170
4£®1£®1 Liquid-liquid Equilibrium 170
4£®1£®2 Effects of Temperature on Phase Equilibrium 177
4£®1£®3 Representation of Extraction Processes in Triangular Phase Diagram 178
4£®1£®4 Selection of Extractants 180
4£®2 Calculations for Extraction 184
4£®2£®1 Calculations for Single-stage Extraction 184
4£®2£®2 Calculations for Multistage Cross-current Extraction 188
4£®2£®3 Calculations for Multistage Counter-current Extraction 194
4£®3 Liquid Extraction Equipment 202
4£®3£®1 Mixer-settler 203
4£®3£®2 Column Extraction Equipment 205
4£®3£®3 Centrifugal Extraction Equipment 208
4£®3£®4 Fluid Flow and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Liquid-liquid Mass Transfer Equipment 209
4£®3£®5 Selection of Extraction Equipment 213
Words and Expressions 214
Notes 214
Calculation Exercises 216
Short Assay Exercises 219

Chapter 5 Drying 220
5£®1 Introduction 220
5£®1£®1 Purposes of Drying 220
5£®1£®2 Methods of Drying 220
5£®1£®3 Factors Affecting Drying Processes 221
5£®2 Nature of Wet Air and Wet Materials 223
5£®2£®1 Nature of Wet Air 223
5£®2£®2 Enthalpy-humidity Diagram of Wet Air and Its Applications 231
5£®3 Properties of Wet Materials 235
5£®3£®1 Moisture Content of Materials 235
5£®3£®2 Classification of Wet Materials 236
5£®3£®3 Combined State of Material and Moisture 237
5£®4 Material Balance and Energy Balance in Drying Processes 240
5£®4£®1 Material Balance 240
5£®4£®2 Energy Balance 241
5£®4£®3 State Change of Air Passing Through Dryers 244
5£®4£®4 Heat Efficiency and Energy Saving of Dryers 249
5£®5 Drying Kinetics 252
5£®5£®1 Drying Kinetics Test 253
5£®5£®2 Calculation of Drying Time 256
5£®6 Dryers 263
5£®6£®1 Classification of Dryers 263
5£®6£®2 Van Dryers and Tunnel Dryers 264
5£®6£®3 Rotary Dryers 268
5£®6£®4 Belt Dryers 270
5£®6£®5 Drum Dryers 272
5£®6£®6 Spray Drying 274
5£®6£®7 Fluidized Bed Drying 277
5£®6£®8 Airflow Drying 281
5£®6£®9 Microwave and High Frequency Drying 283
Words and Expressions 285
Notes 285
Calculation Exercises 287
Short Assay Exercises 289

Chapter 6 Other Types of Mass Transfer Separation Processes 290
6£®1 Membrane Separation 290
6£®1£®1 Separation Membrane and Membrane Modules 290
6£®1£®2 Membrane Separation Processes 292
6£®2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 299
6£®2£®1 Supercritical Fluids 299
6£®2£®2 The Extraction Processes of SFE 301
6£®2£®3 Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction 302
6£®3 Adsorption 303
6£®3£®1 Adsorption Processes 303
6£®3£®2 Adsorbents 304
6£®3£®3 Adsorption Isotherms 305
6£®3£®4 Adsorption Rate 307
6£®3£®5 Fixed-bed Adsorption 308
Words and Expressions 310
Notes 310
Short Assay Exercises 311

Main References 312

Exercise Answers 313