Preface
Unit1 GraphicLanguageofEngineers ……………………………………………………1
1.1 IntroductionofEngineeringGraphics ……………………………………………… 1
1.2 DraftingStandards…………………………………………………………………… 3
1.3 UnderstandingProjections ………………………………………………………… 4
1.4 MultiviewDrawings ………………………………………………………………… 6
1.5 Three-viewDrawings ……………………………………………………………… 8
1.6 First-angle& Third-angleProjections ………………………………………… 8
1.7 DrawingProcessofThreeViews ………………………………………………… 12
Unit2 EngineeringDrawingTechniques ………………………………………………15
2.1 LineConventions(GB/T4457.4—2002) ……………………………………… 15
2.2 MeasurementSystems……………………………………………………………… 18
2.3 Scale(GB/T14690—1993) ……………………………………………………… 19
2.4 Dimensions(GB/T4458.4—2003) ……………………………………………… 20
2.5 Lettering(GB/T14691—1993) ………………………………………………… 27
2.6 DrawingPencils(GB/T26704—2011) ………………………………………… 28
2.7 StandardSheets&Layouts(GB/T14689—2008) …………………………… 29
2.8 GeometricConstruction …………………………………………………………… 31
2.9 PlanningtheDrawing ……………………………………………………………… 40
Unit3 GeometricEntities………………………………………………………………41
3.1 Points………………………………………………………………………………… 41
3.2 StraightLines ……………………………………………………………………… 46
3.3 Planes………………………………………………………………………………… 50
3.4 MutualLocation …………………………………………………………………… 56
3.5 ProjectionAnalysis ………………………………………………………………… 59
Unit4 PrimitiveGeometies ………………………………………………………………62
4.1 PrimitiveGeometies………………………………………………………………… 62
4.2 ExtrudedModels&PlanePrimitives …………………………………………… 62
4.3 Prisms ……………………………………………………………………………… 63
4.4 Pyramids …………………………………………………………………………… 64
4.5 TruncatedPlanePrimitives………………………………………………………… 66
4.6 RevolvedModels&CurvedPrimitives…………………………………………… 69
4.7 CircularCylindricalSurfaces ……………………………………………………… 70
4.8 CircularConeSurfaces …………………………………………………………76
4.9 SphericalSurfaces ………………………………………………………………… 81
Unit5 IntersectionsofSolidPrimitives ………………………………………………… 85
5.1 ConstructiveSolidGeometry ……………………………………………………… 85
5.2 IntersectionLinesofSurface-to-Surface ……………………………………… 86
5.3 IntersectionsofPlaneSolidandCurvedSolid …………………………………… 87
5.4 IntersectionofCurvedSolids ……………………………………………………… 89
5.5 SpecialCasesofIntersection ……………………………………………………… 96
5.6 TangenciesorIntersections ……………………………………………………… 98
Unit6 RepresentationofViews ……………………………………………………… 100
6.1 Feature-basedModeling ………………………………………………………… 100
6.2 Feature-basedAnalysis ………………………………………………………… 102
6.3 PrincipleViews&ProjectionBox ……………………………………………… 104
6.4 PartialViews& RemovedViews ……………………………………………… 108
6.5 RevolutionConventions…………………………………………………………… 109
6.6 AuxiliaryViews …………………………………………………………………… 110
6.7 Visualization ……………………………………………………………………… 112
6.8 ProjectingThirdView …………………………………………………………… 116
Unit7 SectionsandCuts……………………………………………………………… 118
7.1 FullSections ……………………………………………………………………… 118
7.2 HalfSections ……………………………………………………………………… 122
7.3 Broken-outSections……………………………………………………………… 123
7.4 OffsetSections …………………………………………………………………… 123
7.5 AlignedSections…………………………………………………………………… 123
7.6 RevolvedCuts……………………………………………………………………… 124
7.7 RemovedCuts……………………………………………………………………… 124
Unit8 PictorialProjections ……………………………………………………………127
8.1 PictorialSketches ………………………………………………………………… 127
8.2 IsometricProjections ……………………………………………………………… 128
8.3 MakingIsometricDrawing ……………………………………………………… 129
8.4 ObliqueDrawings ………………………………………………………………… 135
Unit9 TechnicalDrawings ………………………………………………………………138
9.1 IntroductiontoTechnicalDrawings …………………………………………… 138
9.2 DetailDrawings/Single-partDrawings ………………………………………… 139
9.3 Assemblydrawings ……………………………………………………………… 140
9.4 FeaturesonMechanicalParts …………………………………………………… 142
9.5 ConventionalRepresentations …………………………………………………… 143
9.6 Fillets,RoundsandRunouts …………………………………………………… 144
9.7 NecessaryViews ………………………………………………………………… 146
9.8 SimplifiedDrawings ……………………………………………………………… 147
Unit10 Dimensions……………………………………………………………………149
10.1 ConventionsofDimensions……………………………………………………… 149
10.2 ArrangementofDimensions …………………………………………………… 151
10.3 SuperfluousDimensions ………………………………………………………… 153
10.4 ShapeAnalysisforDimensioning ……………………………………………… 154
10.5 SizeDimensions ………………………………………………………………… 155
10.6 LocationDimensions …………………………………………………………… 157
10.7 DimensioningProcess …………………………………………………………… 158
Unit11 Tolerances ………………………………………………………………………161
11.1 QualityControl& Tolerances ………………………………………………… 161
11.2 FitsbetweenMatingParts ……………………………………………………… 163
11.3 Hole-basisSystem &Shaft-basisSystem …………………………………… 164
11.4 SelectiveAssembly ……………………………………………………………… 165
11.5 SpecifyingTolerances …………………………………………………………… 165
11.6 ANSISystemofToleranceandFits …………………………………………… 173
11.7 ToleranceStacking ……………………………………………………………… 174
11.8 PreferredFits …………………………………………………………………… 175
Unit12 GeometricTolerances&SurfaceRoughness …………………………………177
12.1 SymbolsforTolerancesofFormandLocation ……………………………… 177
12.2 ApplyingToleranceFramestoTolerancedFeatures ………………………… 180
12.3 DatumFeatures ………………………………………………………………… 181
12.4 AdditionalSymbols ……………………………………………………………… 182
12.5 UsingGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing……………………………… 183
12.6 SurfaceFinish&FinishMarks ………………………………………………… 184
12.7 GraphicalSymbolsofSurfaceTexture ………………………………………… 185
12.8 SurfaceTextureParameters&ComplementaryRequirements……………… 186
12.9 AnnotationofSurfaceTextureRequirements ………………………………… 188
Unit13 ThreadFasteners ……………………………………………………………191
13.1 ScrewThreadTerms …………………………………………………………… 191
13.2 ConventionalRepresentationsAssociatedwithThreads……………………… 197
13.3 ThreadNotes …………………………………………………………………… 200
13.4 Bolts,StudsandScrews………………………………………………………… 202
13.5 Bolts,NutsandWashersonDrawings………………………………………… 203
13.6 CapScrewsonDrawings………………………………………………………… 208
13.7 Studs,SpringLockWashersandNutsonDrawings ………………………… 211
Unit14 Keys,Pins,Bearings,Gears,Springs …………………………………………… 213
14.1 Keys ……………………………………………………………………………… 213
14.2 Pins ……………………………………………………………………………… 215
14.3 RollingBearings ………………………………………………………………… 217
14.4 Gears ……………………………………………………………………………… 222
14.5 Springs …………………………………………………………………………… 228
Unit15 AssemblyDrawings ……………………………………………………………232
15.1 Typeofassemblydrawings …………………………………………………… 232
15.2 GeneralAssemblyDrawings …………………………………………………… 234
15.3 Views,SectionsandAuxiliaries ……………………………………………… 236
15.4 DimensionsonAssemblyDrawings …………………………………………… 238
15.5 Identification&PartsList……………………………………………………… 240
15.6 OtherAssemblyDrawings ……………………………………………………… 241
Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………243
Reference ……………………………………………………………………………257