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Overview 1 Objective With the rapid increase in global forest resource trade£¬ tree species have become the focus of attention in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). As one of the world¡¯s major timber importers and wood product processing and consumer countries£¬ China is facing increasing pressure and challenges to implement the convention. Accurate identification of wood is of great practical significance. Fast and accurate wood identification technology is very necessary for the majority of organizations and personnel engaged in wood production and processing£¬ management£¬ customs and wood inspection£¬ scientific research and education in all aspects of the timber trade activities. We aim to develop law enforcement training on the identification capacity of tree species listed in CITES Appendices£¬ strengthen the supervision of timber trade of endangered tree species£¬ and improve China¡¯s capacity to implement CITES and protect endangered tree species by preparing the Macroscopic Identification Atlas of Endangered Woods Common in Trade. Endangered timber listed in the CITES Appendices generally refers to the timber from tree species that could be at risk of extinction if not protected. The Convention protects species by listing them in Appendices at three different levels of management£¬ and by restricting trade through a permission system. As defined by the Convention£¬ the Appendices are as follows: Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants. Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. Appendix IH is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation. CITES was concluded in Washington in March 1973 and took effect on July 1£¬ 1975. Now it has 184 Parties (including the EU). China officially joined the CITES in 1981£¬ and established the Management Authority at China National Forestry and Grassland Administration in 1995£¬ on behalf of the Chinese government to perform the CITES Convention£¬ and issue the Import and Export Permission Certificate in accordance with the Chinese Regulations for Administration of Import and Export of Endangered Wild Animals and Plants. CITES will protect and control wildlife by formulating a list of endangered species£¬ requiring all parties to implement a permission system to control international trade in these species and their products£¬ promoting national compliance legislation and the fight against illegal trade£¬ and imposing sanctions on violating parties. By combining the protection of wild plants with the control of their trade£¬ it can be achieved the purpose of resources conservation and realizing sustainable development. Before 2010£¬ the number of tree species listed in the CITES Appendices had been small£¬ and the international community paid less attention to timber. However£¬ since the CoP 15th in 2010£¬ the number of tree species listed in the Appendices has increased multiple times (Table 1). The increased species mainly included tropical species of genera such as Dalbergia£¬ Pterocarpus£¬ Diospyros£¬ Guibourtia£¬ and Cedrela. According to the development trend of the CITES Conference of the Parties in the past 10 years£¬ CITES is continuously accelerating the extension of its control scope£¬ especially tropical tree species. This indicates that with the intensification of global environment and climate change£¬ as well as the enhancement of environmental protection awareness in human society£¬ the protection and sustainable use of tropical tree species have been paid high attention by the international community. Up to December 2021£¬ over 520 tree species have been listed in the CITES Appendices£¬ including 7 species in 7 genera in Appendix I£¬ approx. 506 species in 21 genera in Appendix II £¬ and 7 species in 5 genera in Appendix IH (Table 2).