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Unit 1 Introduction. 1

1.1 Overview2

1.1.1 Purpose of the Introduction Section2

1.1.2 Information Elements of the Introduction Section2

1.1.3 Main Focus of Writing the Introduction Section.2

1.2 Sample Analysis4

1.3 Linguistic Features of the Introduction Section.8

1.3.1 Lexical Features8

1.3.2 Syntactical Features10

1.4 Useful Expressions for the Introduction Section13

1.5 Reflections and Practice15

Unit 2 Literature Review 27

2.1 Overview28

2.1.1 Purposes of the Literature Review Section28

2.1.2 Information Elements of the Literature Review Section28

2.1.3 Principles of Writing the Literature Review Section30

2.1.4 Citation Methods in the Literature Review30

2.1.5 Organizational Patterns of the Literature Review Section.32

2.1.6 Common Problems of Writing the Literature Review Section34

2.2 Sample Analysis.34

2.3 Linguistic Features of the Literature Review Section37

2.3.1 Lexical Features37

2.3.2 Syntactical Features39

2.4 Plagiarism and Paraphrase41

2.4.1 Plagiarism41

2.4.2 Paraphrase43

2.5 Useful Expressions for the Literature Review Section43

2.6 Reflections and Practice45

Unit 3 Methods. 55

3.1 Overview 56

3.1.1 Purpose of the Methods Section56

3.1.2 Information Elements of the Methods Section56

3.1.3 Principles of Writing the Methods Section58

3.2 Sample Analysis58

3.3 Linguistic Features of the Methods Section62

3.3.1 Lexical Features.62

3.3.2 Syntactical Features.63

3.4 Useful Expressions for the Methods Section.68

3.5 Reflections and Practice.70

Unit 4 Results. 77

4.1 Overview78

4.1.1 Purpose of the Results Section78

4.1.2 Information Elements of the Results Section78

4.1.3 Sequential Structure of the Results Section.79

4.1.4 Principles of Results Presentation80

4.1.5 Common Mistakes in Writing a Results Section81

4.1.6 Criteria for Judging a Results Section81

4.2 Sample Analysis82

4.3 Linguistic Features of the Results Section94

4.3.1 Lexical Features.94

4.3.2 Syntactical Features.95

4.4 Useful Expressions for the Results Section97

4.5 Reflections and Practice98

Unit 5 Discussion 107

5.1 Overview.108

5.1.1 Purpose of the Discussion Section.108

5.1.2 Information Elements of the Discussion Section108

5.1.3 Principles of Writing the Discussion Section110

5.1.4 Organizational Pattern of the Discussion Section 111

5.2 Sample Analysis111

5.3 Linguistic Features of the Discussion Section.118

5.3.1 Lexical Features118

5.3.2 Syntactical Features121

5.4 Useful Expressions for the Discussion Section122

5.5 Reflections and Practice124

Unit 6 Conclusion. 133

6.1 Overview134

6.1.1 Purpose of the Conclusion Section134

6.1.2 Information Elements of the Conclusion Section.134

6.1.3 Principles of Writing the Conclusion Section.136

6.1.4 Common Problems of Writing a Conclusion Section136

6.2 Sample Analysis137

6.3 Linguistic Features of the Conclusion Section141

6.3.1 Lexical Features141

6.3.2 Syntactical Features144

6.4 Useful Expressions for the Conclusion Section.147

6.5 Reflections and Practice.150

Unit 7 Title and Abstract 157

7.1 Overview158

7.1.1 Purposes of the Title158

7.1.2 Principles of Writing a Title158

7.1.3 Types of Titles159

7.1.4 Capitalization of the Title.160

7.1.5 Purposes of the Abstract.161

7.1.6 Information Elements of the Abstract161

7.1.7 Types of Abstracts.162

7.1.8 Common Problems of Writing the Abstract.163

7.2 Sample Analysis164

7.2.1 Title Analysis.164

7.2.2 Different Types of Abstracts165

7.2.3 Textual Analysis of the Abstract168

7.3 Linguistic Features of the Title and the Abstract171

7.3.1 Lexical Features171

7.3.2 Syntactical Features.174

7.4 Useful Expressions for the Abstract177

7.5 Reflections and Practice.179

Unit 8 Referencing 187

8.1 Overview 188

8.1.1 Purpose of Referencing 188

8.1.2 Information Elements of Referencing 188

8.1.3 Referencing Styles190

8.2 Sample Analysis202

8.3 Reflections and Practice205

Unit 9 Common Mistakes in Students¡¯ Writings 211

9.1 Common Mistakes 212

9.1.1 Lexical Level.212

9.1.2 Syntactical Level214

9.1.3 Textual Level.217

9.1.4 Academic Conventions 224

9.2 Reflections and Practice226

Unit 10 Chinglish vs. English. 231

10.1 Overview232

10.1.1 Interlingual Errors of Chinglish.232

10.1.2 Positive and Negative Transfer Between Two Languages232

10.2 Sample Analysis of Representational Chinglish Structures.233

10.2.1 Interferences of Chinese Culture233

10.2.2 Interferences of Chinese Thinking Pattern234

10.2.3 Inappropriate Expressions238

10.2.4 Confusion Between Coordination and Subordination.239

10.3 Some Salient Differences Between English and Chinese.240

10.3.1 Reversed Word Order.241

10.3.2 Postpositive Attributive in English241

10.3.3 Static English and Dynamic Chinese242

10.3.4 Multifunction of English Attributive Clauses242

10.3.5 Compact English and Relatively Loose Chinese243

10.3.6 Chinese Four-Character Sentences and English Words and Phrases244

10.3.7 English Passive Sentences and Chinese Sentences with No Subjects244

10.3.8 Inanimate Subjects in English and Chinese Sentences245

10.4 Reflections and Practice246

Unit 11 Posters for International Conferences and Data Presentation 251

11.1 Overview.252

11.2 Pre-Conference Correspondence 252

11.3 Making a Research Poster.255

11.3.1 What Is a Research Poster?.255

11.3.2 Instructions on Making a Poster for an International Conference256

11.3.3 Design Suggestions for Scientific Posters258

11.4 Information Elements of Posters.259

11.5 Poster Samples259

11.6 Linguistic Features of Posters.262

11.7 Data Presentation265

11.8 Reflections and Practice268

Unit 12 Manuscript Publication 271

12.1 Overview272

12.1.1 Aims and Scope of the Target Journal272

12.1.2 Guide for Authors273

12.1.3 Cover Letter 275

12.2 Response to Editors and Reviewers .276

12.2.1 Peer-Review Process276

12.2.2 Three Golden Rules of Responding to Reviewers¡¯ Comments277

12.3 Reflections and Practice280

References. 285