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Introduction 1

0.1 Unit Systems and Unit Conversion 3

0.1.1 Unit Systems 3

0.1.2 Conversion of Unit Systems 4

0.2 Basic Laws and Relationship of Unit Operations 6

0.2.1 Mass Balance 6

0.2.2 Energy Balance 8

0.2.3 Process Balance and Rate 8

0.3 Features, Contents and Tasks of Principles of Chemical Engineering 9



Chapter 1 Fluid Flow 10

1.1 Basic Characteristics of Fluids 10

1.1.1 Continuity of Fluids 10

1.1.2 Compressibility of Fluids 11

1.2 Hydrostatics and Its Applications 12

1.2.1 Density of Fluids 12

1.2.2 Static Pressure of Fluids 13

1.2.3 Static Equilibrium Law of Fluids 14

1.2.4 Applications of Static Equilibrium Law of Fluids 17

1.3 Basics of Fluid Dynamics 21

1.3.1 Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow 22

1.3.2 Viscosity of Fluids 25

1.3.3 Flow Patterns and Reynolds Number 31

1.3.4 Separation of Flow Regions and Boundary Layers 35

1.3.5 Velocity Distribution of the Fluid in Tubes 41

1.4 Conservation Principles of Fluid Flow 44

1.4.1 Continuity Equation of Mass Conservation 45

1.4.2 Navier-Stokes Equation of Momentum Conservation 46

1.4.3 Bernoulli Equation of Mechanical Energy Conservation 48

1.5 Resistance Loss of Fluid Flow 57

1.5.1 Resistance Loss in Straight Pipes 58

1.5.2 Resistance Loss of Fittings or Valves 68

1.5.3 Calculation of Total Resistance Loss 71

1.6 Pipeline Design 73

1.6.1 Calculation of Simple Series Pipelines 74

1.6.2 Calculation of Parallel Pipelines 75

1.6.3 Calculation of Branch Pipes 77

1.6.4 Calculation of Pipe Networks 79

1.7 Applications of Fluid Dynamics 82

1.7.1 Flow Velocity Measurement 82

1.7.2 Flow Rate Measurement 84

Words and Expressions 93

Notes 93

Calculation Exercises 95

Short Assay Exercises 102



Chapter 2 Fluid Transportation Machinery 104

2.1 Centrifugal Pumps 105

2.1.1 Main Components and Working Principles of Centrifugal Pumps 105

2.1.2 Basic Equations of Centrifugal Pumps 107

2.1.3 Main Performance Parameters and Characteristic Curves of Centrifugal Pumps 110

2.1.4 Suction Lift of Centrifugal Pumps 115

2.1.5 Operating Point of Centrifugal Pumps and Regulation 120

2.1.6 Combined Pumps 125

2.1.7 Selection of Centrifugal Pumps 126

2.2 Other Types of Pumps 131

2.2.1 Reciprocating Pumps 131

2.2.2 Metering Pumps 137

2.2.3 Diaphragm Pumps 137

2.2.4 Gear Pumps 138

2.2.5 Screw Pumps 138

2.2.6 Vortex Pumps 138

2.3 Gas Transportation Machinery 140

2.3.1 Basic Concepts 140

2.3.2 Centrifugal Fans 141

Words and Expressions 145

Notes 145

Calculation Exercises 147

Short Assay Exercises 149



Chapter 3 Heterogeneous Separation 150

3.1 Characteristics of Particles and Particle Beds 151

3.1.1 Particle Characteristics 151

3.1.2 Characteristics of Granular Beds 154

3.2 Settling of Particles 155

3.2.1 Gravity Settlement and Equipment 156

3.2.2 Centrifugal Settlement and Equipment 164

3.2.3 Electric Settlement-Electrostatic Precipitator 172

3.3 Filtration 172

3.3.1 Basic Concepts of Filtration Processes 173

3.3.2 Basic Theories and Filtration Equations of Filtration Processes 175

3.3.3 Calculation of Filtration Processes 180

3.3.4 Determination of Filtration Constants 181

3.3.5 Filter Equipment 183

3.3.6 Filter Cake Washing 188

3.3.7 Production Capacity of Filters 189

Words and Expressions 192

Notes 192

Calculation Exercises 194

Short Assay Exercises 196



Chapter 4 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchange Equipment 198

4.1 Basic Concepts 198

4.1.1 Basic Heat Transfer Patterns and Mechanisms 199

4.1.2 Heat Transfer Modes and Heat Exchangers of Cold and Hot Fluids 200

4.1.3 Heat Carriers and Selection 202

4.2 Heat Conduction 203

4.2.1 Basic Concepts of Heat Conduction 203

4.2.2 Fourier's Law 204

4.2.3 Heat Conduction Coefficient 204

4.2.4 Steady Heat Conduction of Flat Wall 206

4.2.5 One-dimensional Steady Heat Conduction in Cylindrical Wall 209

4.3 Convective Heat Transfer 213

4.3.1 Convective Heat Transfer and Classification 213

4.3.2 Convective Heat Transfer Rate and Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients 215

4.3.3 Factors Affecting Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients 216

4.3.4 Temperature Boundary Layers and Convective Heat Transfer Analysis 218

4.3.5 Determination of the Dimensionless Group and Correlation of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients 219

4.4 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients without Phase Change 223

4.4.1 Forced Convective Heat Transfer in Tubes 223

4.4.2 Forced Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients of Fluid outside Tubes 228

4.5 Convective Heat Transfer with Phase Change 233

4.5.1 Heat Transfer through Vapor Condensation 234

4.5.2 Heat Transfer through Boiling 240

4.6 Radiative Heat Transfer 246

4.6.1 Basic Concepts 246

4.6.2 Radiative Heat Transfer between Two Solids 251

4.6.3 Combined Heat Transfer by Convection and Radiation 255

4.6.4 Heat Loss outside the Insulation Layer 256

4.7 Total Heat Transfer Rate and Heat Transfer Processes 258

4.7.1 Heat Balance 259

4.7.2 Total Heat Transfer Rate Equation 260

4.7.3 Total Heat Transfer Coefficient 261

4.7.4 Average Temperature Difference of Heat Exchangers 266

4.7.5 Heat Transfer Efficiency Methods 275

4.8 Heat Exchangers 279

4.8.1 Types of Heat Exchangers 279

4.8.2 Technologies of Enhanced Heat Transfer and New Heat Transfer Equipment 289

4.8.3 Models and Standards of Tubular Heat Exchangers 293

4.8.4 Issues to be Considered when Designing Shell-and-tube Heat Exchangers 294

4.8.5 Selection and Design of Tube-and-shell Heat Exchangers 300

Words and Expressions 304

Notes 304

Calculation Exercises 306

Short Assay Exercises 313



Chapter 5 Evaporation 315

5.1 Evaporation Equipment 316

5.1.1 Natural Circulation Evaporators 316

5.1.2 External Heating Evaporators and Forced Circulation Evaporators 318

5.1.3 Membrane Evaporators 319

5.1.4 Directly Heated Evaporators 320

5.2 Auxiliary Device of Evaporators 321

5.2.1 Condensers 321

5.2.2 Vacuum Pumps and Demisters 322

5.3 Influence Factors of Evaporation Processes and Boiling Point Correction 323

5.3.1 Influence Factors in Evaporation Processes 323

5.3.2 Boiling Point Change Caused by Solutes 324

5.3.3 Boiling Point Change Caused by the Static Head of Liquid Columns and Frictional Resistance 326

5.3.4 Total Temperature Difference Loss and Effective Temperature Difference of Solutions 326

5.4 Single-Effect Evaporation 328

5.4.1 Material Balance 328

5.4.2 Heat Balance 329

5.4.3 Heat Transfer Area of Evaporators 330

5.4.4 Effects of Process Variables on Evaporation Operations 333

5.5 Multi-effect Evaporation 334

5.5.1 Co-current Operations 336

5.5.2 Counter-current Operations 336

5.6 Selection and Process Design of Evaporators 337

5.6.1 Selection of Evaporators 337

5.6.2 Process Design of Evaporators 338

Words and Expressions 341

Notes 341

Calculation Exercises 343

Short Assay Exercises 345



Appendix 346



Main References 347



Exercise Answers 348