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List of figures xxvi

List of tables xxvii

Preface to the second edition xxviii

Preface to the first edition xxx

Acknowledgements xxxii

Credits xxxiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 About the organization of this book 4

1.2 Examples, back-translations and the languages of illustration 6

Suggestions for further reading 8

Note 9

2 Equivalence at word level 10

2.1 The word in different languages 10

2.2 Lexical meaning 12

2.3 The problem of non-equivalence 16

Exercises 46

Suggestions for further reading 49

Notes 50

3 Equivalence above word level 53

3.1 Collocation 54

3.2 Idioms and fixed expressions 69

Exercises 87

Suggestions for further reading 91

Notes 92

4 Grammatical equivalence 94

4.1 Grammatical versus lexical categories 95

4.2 The diversity of grammatical categories across languages 97

4.3 A brief note on word order 123

4.4 Introducing text 123

Exercises 126

Suggestions for further reading 130

Notes 131

5 Textual equivalence: thematic and information structures 134

5.1 A Hallidayan overview of information flow 136

5.2 The Prague School position on information flow: functional sentence perspective 173

Exercises 184

Suggestions for further reading 189

Notes 191

6 Textual equivalence: cohesion 194

6.1 Reference 194

6.2 Substitution and ellipsis 200

6.3 Conjunction 204

6.4 Lexical cohesion 215

Exercises 228

Suggestions for further reading 232

Notes 233

7 Pragmatic equivalence 235

7.1 Coherence 235

7.2 Coherence and processes of interpretation: implicature 239

7.3 Coherence, implicature and translation strategies 244

Exercises 268

Suggestions for further reading 275

Notes 276

8 Semiotic equivalence 279

8.1 Semiotic resources and semiotic regimes 281

8.2 Creative deployment of semiotic resources 288

8.3 Translating semiotically complex material 292

Exercises 299

Suggestions for further reading 305

Notes 305

9 Beyond equivalence: ethics and morality 307

9.1 Ethics and morality 308

9.2 Professionalism, codes of ethics and the law 316

9.3 The ethical implications of linguistic choices 320

9.4 Concluding remarks 323

Exercises 324

Suggestions for further reading 330

Notes 331

Glossary 334

References 339

Name index 359

Language index 363

Subject index 365