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浪漫地理学:追寻崇高景观
粒子物理导论(英文版) 版权信息
- ISBN：9787030728838
- 条形码：9787030728838 ; 978-7-03-072883-8
- 装帧：一般胶版纸
- 册数：暂无
- 重量：暂无
- 所属分类：>
粒子物理导论(英文版) 内容简介
本书着重介绍粒子物理的基础知识，同时尽可能介绍相关领域前沿的情况和近期新成果。书中从对称性出发进而介绍强子的夸克模型、电磁作用和弱作用、弱电统一理论、强作用的规范理论QCD做了较仔细的介绍。书中对中性K介子、中性B介子、和中性D介子系统的正反粒子，系统混合及CP不守恒做了系统介绍。书中还介绍了中微子震荡，手征对称性。此外，对超出标准模以外的各种新模型，如大统一理论和超对称模型等，作了简要介绍。
粒子物理导论(英文版) 目录
Contents
About the Authors
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Chapter 1. Overview 1
References 7
Chapter 2. Symmetry and Conservation Law 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 The Action， Equation of Motion and Conserved Quantities 10
2.3 Parity Transformation 14
2.3.1 Klein-Gordon field *(x) 15
2.3.2 Parity transformation of fermion field 16
2.3.3 Parity transformation of vector field 18
2.4 Charge Conjugation 19
2.4.1 Charge conjugation of scalar field 19
2.4.2 Charge conjugation of fermion field *(x) 19
2.4.3 Charge conjugation of vector field A*{x) 22
2.5 Application: Furry Theorem — A Particle of Spin 1 Cannot Decay to 27 22
2.5.1 Furry theorem 22
2.5.2 Particles of spin 1 cannot decay into two photons 23
2.6 Time Reversal 25
2.6.1 Time reversal of Klein-Gordon field *(x) 29
2.6.2 Time reversal of fermion field 29
2.6.3 Time reversal of electromagnetic field A* (x) 30
2.7 CPT Theorem 33
References 34
Chapter 3. The Classification and Properties of Particles: Lepton and Hadrons 37
3.1 Four Types of Interactions 37
3.2 Lepton and Lepton Number Conservation 40
3.2.1 Electron， muon and neutrino 40
3.2.2 * and its neutrino v* 43
3.2.3 Helicity of neutrinos 44
3.2.4 Lepton number conservation 46
3.3 Hadrons: Conservation of Baryon Numbers 47
3.3.1 π meson 48
3.3.2 Nucleon， antinucleon and baryon number conservation 52
3.3.3 Strange particles 53
3.3.4 Resonance 57
3.4 Scattering Cross Section， Particle Lifetime and Decay Width 63
3.4.1 Scattering cross section 63
3.4.2 Particle lifetime and decay width 67
3.5 Kinematics of Particle Decay 68
3.5.1 Two-body decay 68
3.5.2 Three-body decay， Dalitz diagram 69
References 73
Chapter 4. Isospin and G Parity 75
4.1 Isospin 75
4.1.1 The concept of isospin 75
4.1.2 Isospin transformation 78
4.1.3 The law of isospin conservation in strong interaction 83
4.1.4 The isospin of mesons and baryons 84
4.1.5 An example of isospin analysis of physical processes 88
4.2 Exchange Symmetry: Generalized Identity Principle 90
4.3 Isospin Violation 92
4.4 G Parity 93
References 97
Chapter 5. Quark Model of Hadrons 99
5.1 Mathematical Basics 100
5.1.1 Decomposition of SU(n) group representation product， Young tableau 100
5.1.2 ensor analysis of the SU(3) group 104
5.1.3 SU(3) group generators and Casmir operators 107
5.2 SU(3) Quark Model， the SU(3) Flavor Wave Functions for Mesons and Baxyons 109
5.2.1 The flavor wave functions for the pseudoscalar meson octet and singlet 111
5.2.2 Flavor wave functions for the vector meson octet and singlet 114
5.2.3 Flavor wave functions for baryon octet and decuplet 115
5.3 Color Degree of Freedom 122
5.3.1 The relationship of baryon spin and statistics 123
5.3.2 π°*rr 123
5.3.3 Measurement of R value in e+e- annihilation process 124
5.4 Mass Formula of Hadrons 127
5.5 Mixing of Meson Singlet and Octet 129
5.6 OZI Rule 134
5.7 SU(6) Symmetry 135
5.8 Orbital Excitation States and Radial Excitation States，Multi-quark States and Exotic States 137
5.8.1 Orbital and radial excitation states 137
5.8.2 Multi-quark states and exotic states 138
5.9 The Discovery of c，b，t Quarks 139
5.10 Quark Confinement 140
References 141
Chapter 6. Electromagnetic Interaction 143
6.1 QED and Its Feynman Rule 144
6.2 M0ller Scattering 149
6.3 Bhabha Scattering 154
6.4 The Electromagnetic Form Factors of Nucleons 156
6.4.1 Electron-proton elastic scattering assuming proton being a point particle 157
6.4.2 Elastic scattering of electron-proton 159
6.5 Inelastic Scattering of Electron-Proton 166
6.5.1 Structure function of inelastic scattering 166
6.5.2 The structure function applied to elastic scattering 169
6.6 The Parton Model for Nucleons 171
6.7 The Unification of Parton and Quark Model 174
References 177
Chapter 7. Weak Interactions 179
7.1 Looking Back to History 179
7.2 Classification of Weak Decays 181
7.3 Nuclear β Decay 183
7.4 The Discovery of Parity Violation 185
7.4.1 *-θ Puzzle 185
7.4.2 Parity violation in β decays of cobalt 60 nuclei 186
7.5 The V-A Theory of Weak Interactions 187
7.5.1 Pure leptonic decay 187
7.5.2 Semi-leptonic decay 189
7.6 Cabibbo Theory and GIM Mechanism 191
7.7 Kobayashi-Maskawa Model 194
7.8 The Limitation of the Four Fermion Point-like Interactions and the Intermediate Vector Bosons 196
7.9 Conservation of Vector Current 198
7.10 Chiral Symmetry Breaking and PC AC 201
7.11 Mixing of Neutral Mesons and CP Violation 205
7.11.1 Quantum mechanical description 205
7.11.2 K°-*°mixing and CP violation 212
7.11.3 B°-*°mixing and CP violation 224
7.11.4 D°-*°mixing and CP violation 238
References 243
Chapter 8. Gauge Theory of Electroweak Unification 247
8.1 The Higgs Mechanism 248
8.2 Yang
About the Authors
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Chapter 1. Overview 1
References 7
Chapter 2. Symmetry and Conservation Law 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 The Action， Equation of Motion and Conserved Quantities 10
2.3 Parity Transformation 14
2.3.1 Klein-Gordon field *(x) 15
2.3.2 Parity transformation of fermion field 16
2.3.3 Parity transformation of vector field 18
2.4 Charge Conjugation 19
2.4.1 Charge conjugation of scalar field 19
2.4.2 Charge conjugation of fermion field *(x) 19
2.4.3 Charge conjugation of vector field A*{x) 22
2.5 Application: Furry Theorem — A Particle of Spin 1 Cannot Decay to 27 22
2.5.1 Furry theorem 22
2.5.2 Particles of spin 1 cannot decay into two photons 23
2.6 Time Reversal 25
2.6.1 Time reversal of Klein-Gordon field *(x) 29
2.6.2 Time reversal of fermion field 29
2.6.3 Time reversal of electromagnetic field A* (x) 30
2.7 CPT Theorem 33
References 34
Chapter 3. The Classification and Properties of Particles: Lepton and Hadrons 37
3.1 Four Types of Interactions 37
3.2 Lepton and Lepton Number Conservation 40
3.2.1 Electron， muon and neutrino 40
3.2.2 * and its neutrino v* 43
3.2.3 Helicity of neutrinos 44
3.2.4 Lepton number conservation 46
3.3 Hadrons: Conservation of Baryon Numbers 47
3.3.1 π meson 48
3.3.2 Nucleon， antinucleon and baryon number conservation 52
3.3.3 Strange particles 53
3.3.4 Resonance 57
3.4 Scattering Cross Section， Particle Lifetime and Decay Width 63
3.4.1 Scattering cross section 63
3.4.2 Particle lifetime and decay width 67
3.5 Kinematics of Particle Decay 68
3.5.1 Two-body decay 68
3.5.2 Three-body decay， Dalitz diagram 69
References 73
Chapter 4. Isospin and G Parity 75
4.1 Isospin 75
4.1.1 The concept of isospin 75
4.1.2 Isospin transformation 78
4.1.3 The law of isospin conservation in strong interaction 83
4.1.4 The isospin of mesons and baryons 84
4.1.5 An example of isospin analysis of physical processes 88
4.2 Exchange Symmetry: Generalized Identity Principle 90
4.3 Isospin Violation 92
4.4 G Parity 93
References 97
Chapter 5. Quark Model of Hadrons 99
5.1 Mathematical Basics 100
5.1.1 Decomposition of SU(n) group representation product， Young tableau 100
5.1.2 ensor analysis of the SU(3) group 104
5.1.3 SU(3) group generators and Casmir operators 107
5.2 SU(3) Quark Model， the SU(3) Flavor Wave Functions for Mesons and Baxyons 109
5.2.1 The flavor wave functions for the pseudoscalar meson octet and singlet 111
5.2.2 Flavor wave functions for the vector meson octet and singlet 114
5.2.3 Flavor wave functions for baryon octet and decuplet 115
5.3 Color Degree of Freedom 122
5.3.1 The relationship of baryon spin and statistics 123
5.3.2 π°*rr 123
5.3.3 Measurement of R value in e+e- annihilation process 124
5.4 Mass Formula of Hadrons 127
5.5 Mixing of Meson Singlet and Octet 129
5.6 OZI Rule 134
5.7 SU(6) Symmetry 135
5.8 Orbital Excitation States and Radial Excitation States，Multi-quark States and Exotic States 137
5.8.1 Orbital and radial excitation states 137
5.8.2 Multi-quark states and exotic states 138
5.9 The Discovery of c，b，t Quarks 139
5.10 Quark Confinement 140
References 141
Chapter 6. Electromagnetic Interaction 143
6.1 QED and Its Feynman Rule 144
6.2 M0ller Scattering 149
6.3 Bhabha Scattering 154
6.4 The Electromagnetic Form Factors of Nucleons 156
6.4.1 Electron-proton elastic scattering assuming proton being a point particle 157
6.4.2 Elastic scattering of electron-proton 159
6.5 Inelastic Scattering of Electron-Proton 166
6.5.1 Structure function of inelastic scattering 166
6.5.2 The structure function applied to elastic scattering 169
6.6 The Parton Model for Nucleons 171
6.7 The Unification of Parton and Quark Model 174
References 177
Chapter 7. Weak Interactions 179
7.1 Looking Back to History 179
7.2 Classification of Weak Decays 181
7.3 Nuclear β Decay 183
7.4 The Discovery of Parity Violation 185
7.4.1 *-θ Puzzle 185
7.4.2 Parity violation in β decays of cobalt 60 nuclei 186
7.5 The V-A Theory of Weak Interactions 187
7.5.1 Pure leptonic decay 187
7.5.2 Semi-leptonic decay 189
7.6 Cabibbo Theory and GIM Mechanism 191
7.7 Kobayashi-Maskawa Model 194
7.8 The Limitation of the Four Fermion Point-like Interactions and the Intermediate Vector Bosons 196
7.9 Conservation of Vector Current 198
7.10 Chiral Symmetry Breaking and PC AC 201
7.11 Mixing of Neutral Mesons and CP Violation 205
7.11.1 Quantum mechanical description 205
7.11.2 K°-*°mixing and CP violation 212
7.11.3 B°-*°mixing and CP violation 224
7.11.4 D°-*°mixing and CP violation 238
References 243
Chapter 8. Gauge Theory of Electroweak Unification 247
8.1 The Higgs Mechanism 248
8.2 Yang
展开全部
粒子物理导论(英文版) 节选
Chapter 1 Overview Particle physics is the science of particle interactions and mutual transformations. The main aim is to find a simple as well as universal law for explaining the phenomena of all kinds of particle interactions and mutual transformations. For example， the Maxwell equation can give a unified explanation for all electromagnetic phenomena， and the unified theory of the electromagnetic and weak interactions can provide unified explanation for all phenomena of the electroweak interactions， etc. Of course， till now we still do not find a basic theory to give a unified explanation for all particle phenomena. Although the superstring theory (in 10-dimensional space) and membrane theory (in 11-dimensional space) can unify all the four kinds of interactions，but these two theories meet serious difficulties when they compact into realistic 4-dimensional (3+1-dimensional) space-time. This problem needs further investigation. Particle physics is also called “Theory of elementary particles” or whigh-energy physics”. The last two appellations are inherited from the history. Elementary Particles are the generic term for proton， neutron， mesons， hyperons， electron， photon， neutrino， etc. The term “elementary” means that no further division can be made! In history， people thought， the above elementary particles were the smallest basic building blocks of matter; they could not be divided further. The science which investigates the law of interactions and mutual transformations of elementary particle is called “physics of elementary particles”. The appellation of “high energy physics” comes from the fact that investigating elementary particle properties needs higher energy than that for studying atomic physics and nuclear physics. In fact， to break an atom or to kick out an electron from an atom needs to pay about 10 eV energy. But to kick out a nucleon (proton or neutron) needs to pay about 10 MeV energy which is a million times higher than that for the case of atoms. How much energy we should pay for breaking an “elementary” particle， i.e. a proton or a neutron? Now we know at least we need to pay for several tens or several hundreds times more of energy. We can see from above discussion that the division of “high energy” and “low energy” does not have an accurate energy dividing line. So the appellation for “high energy” and “low energy” is not exact or not appropriate. Today， we already know that elementary particles are not “elementary”. They can be further divided or broken apart. From the modern concept of view， the name “elementary particle physics” is unscientific. So the appellation “particle physics” is more appropriate. Of course， it is very difficult to give “particle physics” a rigorous definition. No matter what definition it is， the core idea is that “particle physics” is a science which searches for the substructure of matter and the law of the basic interactions of nature. Thus “particle physics” is the scientific frontier for investigating microscopic structure of matter and the corresponding rules. In 1957， IUPAP gave a definition for particle physics， that is， “particle physics” is the science for investigating the properties of the basic building blocks of matter and their interactions. But this definition needs to add new content. Why? Because very important advances have happened in recent years in astrophysics and cosmology， these new advances and developments connect particle physics with astrophysics and cosmology. Observations of astronomers revealed that the redshift of the light delivered by supernova is larger than that predicted by the empirical Hubble law. This means that the supernova is escaping away from us with acceleration， that is， our universe is expanding with acceleration. So the universe needs to have negative pressure. One possible choice is to assume that the universe is fully filled by dark energy which provides the negative pressure. Astronomic observations tell us that the dark energy occupies 69% of the total energy density of the universe， the dark matter 26%， the baryonic matter 5% in which only 1% are visible objects (galaxies， dust， etc.). What is the dark energy? Is it a scalar field which fulfilled the entire universe or the Einstein cosmological constant? We do not have any conclusion till now. At present， dark matter and dark energy are both the research topics at the frontier of particle physics. In addition， the evolutions of the early universe after the Big Bang and the formation of the baryon-antibaryon asymmetry， and from nothing to everything of the universe， the nucleosynthesis， the formation of galaxies and the cosmic microwave background， etc.， need to be explained by using particle physics. So， two interdisciplines， i.e.， “particle cosmology” and “particle astrophysics”，are developed in recent years. In addition， the development of neutrino physics combines with astrophysics to form an another new interdiscipline “neutrino astrop
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