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1 Introduction 2 Anesthesia Management in Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Interventions for Structural Heart Disease 2.1 Preparations Before Anesthesia 2.1.1 Pre-anesthetic Visit 2.1.2 Pre-anesthetic Fasting 2.1.3 Pre-anesthetic Medication 2.1.4 Anesthesia Monitoring and Anesthetic Drugs 2.2 Management of Anesthesia 2.2.1 Anesthesia Management in Echocardiography-Guided Interventional Therapy for Septal Defect and Patent Ductus Arteriosus 2.2.2 Anesthesia Management in Echocardiography-Guided Interventional Therapy for Valvular Heart Diseases 2.2.3 Anesthesia Management in Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion and Aortic Stent Implantation 2.2.4 Infection Control and Anticoagulation 2.2.5 Management of Acute Pain After Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Interventional Therapy 2.2.6 Challenges in Anesthesia 2.3 Prevention and Treatment of Complications Associated with Interventional Therapy 2.3.1 Arrhythmia 2.3.2 Valvular Regurgitation 2.3.3 Hypotension 2.3.4 Cardiac Insufficiency 2.3.5 Hypoxic Spells 2.3.6 Pharyngeal and Esophageal Injury 2.3.7 Thrombosis 3 Echocardiography in Percutaneous Interventional Therapy for Structural Heart Disease 3.1 General Considerations 3.1.1 Overview 3.1.2 Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) 3.1.3 Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) 3.1.4 Value of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Interventional Therapy for Congenital Heart Disease 3.2 Use of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Interventional Therapy for Atrial Septal Defect 3.2.1 Pre-procedural Echocardiographic Diagnosis of ASD 3.2.2 Echocardiography for Monitoring ASD Closure 3.2.3 Follow-Up Using Echocardiography After ASD Closure 3.3 Use of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty for Pulmonary Stenosis 3.3.1 Pre-procedural Diagnosis of Pulmonary Stenosis 3.3.2 Key Points of Echocardiographic Evaluation Before Pulmonary Stenosis Valvuloplasty 3.3.3 Echocardiographic Guidance and Monitoring During Pulmonary Valvuloplasty 3.3.4 Echocardiographic Follow-Up After Pulmonary Valvuloplasty Procedure 3.4 Use of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Interventions for Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) 3.4.1 Pre-procedural Echocardiographic Diagnosis of PDA 3.4.2 Echocardiographic Guidance During PDA Closure Procedure 3.4.3 Echocardiographic Follow-Up After PDA Closure 3.5 Use of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect 3.5.1 Pre-procedural Echocardiographic Diagnosis of VSD 3.5.2 Key Points on Echocardiographic Evaluation Before Interventional VSD Closure 3.5.3 Echocardiographic Monitoring During VSD Closure 3.5.4 Echocardiography for Follow-Up of Ventricular Septal Defect Occlusion and Complications 3.6 Use of Echocardiography in Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion 3.6.1 Pre-procedural Echocardiographic Diagnosis and Cases Screen 3.6.2 Echocardiography for Monitoring Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion 3.6.3 Echocardiography for Follow-Up of Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion 3.7 Use of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Mitral Valve Stenosis Valvuloplasty 3.7.1 Echo Assessment ofMitral Stenosis 3.7.2 Pre-procedural TEE Screening for Mitral Stenosis: Mostly for Adult Acquired Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis 3.7.3 Echocardiography in Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty 3.7.4 Echocardiographic Follow-Up After Mitral Stenosis Valvuloplasty 3.8 Use of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Aortic Stenosis Valvuloplasty 3.8.1 Pre-procedural Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Congenital Aortic Stenosis 3.8.2 Key Points on Echocardiographic Evaluation Before Balloon Dilatation for Aortic Stenosis 3.8.3 Echocardiographic Guidance and Monitoring During Balloon Dilation for Aortic Stenosis 3.8.4 Echocardiographic Assessment after Aortic Valvuloplasty 4 Echocardiography-Guided Interventional Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale Closure by Femoral Vein Approach 4.1 Anatomical Features 4.2 Pathophysiology 4.3 Indications and Contraindications for ASD Closure 4.4 Patent Foramen Ovale 4.5 Pre-procedural Preparation 4.6 Procedure 4.6.1 TTE-Guided Interventional Closure of ASD via Femoral Vein Approach 5 Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Atrial Septal Defect Closure through Jugular Vein Approach 6 Echocardiography-Guided Interventional Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect by Femoral Artery Approach 7 Echocardiography-Guided Interventional Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects by Jugular Vein Approach 8 Echocardiography-Guided Interventional Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure by Femoral Artery Approach 9 Echocardiography-Guided Interventional Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure by Femoral Vein Approach 10 Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Interventions for Pulmonary Valve Stenosis 11 Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Interventions for Aortic Valve Stenosis 12 Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Interventions for Mitral Valve Stenosis 13 Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Interventions for Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion 14 Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Interventions for Coarctation of Aorta 15 Post-procedural Management of Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Intervention