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1 Introduction
1.1 Safety in the Laboratory
1.2 Chemical Hazards
1.3 Use of a COSHH Form
1.4 Pre-lab Reports or Notebooks Used in the Laboratory
1.5 Lab Reports
1.6 Samples of Reports and COSHH Form
1.7 Commonly Used Laboratory Glassware
2 Carrying out an Experiment
2.1 Measurements in a Laboratory
2.2 Transferring Reagents
2.3 Heating and Cooling Methods
2.4 Setting up a Reaction
2.5 Methods for Glassware Cleaning
2.6 Literature Investigation for the Experiment
3 Basic Techniques in Organic Laboratory
3.1 Assembling Glassware
3.2 Refluxing
3.3 Simple Inert Gas Protection
3.4 Smelling a Chemical
3.5 Boiling Point and Distillation
3.6 Melting Points
3.7 Sublimation
3.8 Filtration
3.9 Recrystallization
3.10 Drying Organic Solvents
3.11 Drying Organic Solutions
3.12 Drying Solid Organic Compounds
3.13 Extraction
3.14 Rota-evaporation
3.15 Chromatography
3.15.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography
3.15.2 Flash Chromatography
3.15.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography
3.15.4 Gas Chromatography
4 Application of Spectroscopy in Organic Laboratory
4. 1 Introduction
4. 2 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
4. 3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
4. 4 Mass Spectrometry
4. 5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
5 Organic Experiments
5.1 Purification of Liquids by Distillation
5.2 Purification of Organic Compounds by Extraction
5.3 Purification of Solids by Recrystallization
5.4 Purification of Cyclohexane
5.5 Preparation of Bromoethane
5.6 Synthesis of Ethyl Acetate
5.7 Synthesis of Benzoin
5.8 Synthesis of Cinnamic Acid by the Perkin Reaction
5.9 Synthesis of Cinnamic Acid by the Knoevenagel Condensation
5.10 Synthesis of Methyl Orange
5.11 Synthesis of Ethyl Benzoate
5.12 The Diels-Alder Reaction
5.13 Synthesis of Acetanilide
5.14 Bromination of Acetanilide
5.15 Deprotection of the Acetyl Protecting Group from p-Bromoacetanilide
5.16 Synthesis of Aspirin
5.17 Synthesis of Ferrocene via the Phase Transfer Catalysis
5.18 Synthesis of 2-Nitro-l,3-benzenediol
5.19 Preparation of the Urea-Formaldehyde Resin
5.20 Preparation of Cyclohexene
5.21 Synthesis of 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane
5.22 Synthesis of Dibutyl Ether
5.23 Synthesis of Butyl Phenyl Ether
5.24 Synthesis of Hexane-1,6-dionic Acid
5.25 Preparation of Furfuryl Alcohol and 2-Furoic Acid by the Cannizzaro Reaction
5.26 A Solvent Free Cannizzaro Reaction
5.27 Reduction of 3-Nitroacetophenone Using Sodium Borohydride
5.28 Reduction of 3-Nitroacetophenone Using Sn/HCl
5.29 Synthesis of 4-Vinylbenzoic Acid via the Wittig Reaction
5.30 Preparation of 1,5-Diphenylpenta-l,4-dien-3-one Using the Aldol Condensation
5.31 Preparation of 2-Methylbutan-2-ol via the Grignard Reagent
5.32 Preparation of Dimedone via the Robinson Annulation
5.33 Preparation of Phenacetin from p-Aminophenol via a Two-Step Synthesis
5.34 Extraction of Alkaloids from Chinese Herbs--Coptis Chinensis
5.35 Extraction of Caffeine from Teas
6 Appendices
6.1 List of Equipment and Glassware for Each Experiment
6.2 List of Chemicals for Each Experiment
6.3 Appendix Tables
6.4 Abbreviations