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CONTENTS

Overview 1

Chapter 1¡¡Human Resources in Science and Technology 15

Section 1¡¡Overview of Human Resources in Science and Technology 15

Section 2¡¡R&D Personnel 16

Section 3¡¡Cultivation of Human Resources in Science and Technology 21

Chapter 2¡¡Research and Development Expenditure 27

Section 1¡¡Overview of R&D Expenditure 27

Section 2¡¡Structure of R&D Expenditure 31

Section 3¡¡Sources and Destinations of R&D Funds 35

Section 4¡¡Government Science and Technology Expenditure 37

Chapter 3¡¡Output of Science and Technology Activity 40

Section 1¡¡S&T Papers 40

Section 2¡¡Patents 50

Section 3¡¡Domestic Technology Transfer 59

Chapter 4¡¡Research and Development Activity and Innovation of Enterprises 64

Section 1¡¡R&D Activity of Enterprises 64

Section 2¡¡R&D Activity of Industrial Enterprises 68

Section 3¡¡R&D Collaboration and Technology Acquisition of Industrial Enterprises 78

Chapter 5¡¡Science and Technology Activity of Higher Education Institutions 84

Section 1¡¡Overview of Higher Education Institutions 84

Section 2¡¡R&D Organizations and Personnel in Higher Education Institutions 87

Section 3¡¡R&D Expenditure of Higher Education Institutions 90

Section 4¡¡Higher Education R&D Output and Transformation 95

Chapter 6¡¡Science and Technology Activity of Government Research Institutes 100

Section 1¡¡Overview of Government Research Institutes 100

Section 2¡¡R&D Personnel 102

Section 3¡¡R&D Expenditure of Research Institutes 105

Section 4¡¡Output and Achievement Transfer of S&T Activity 112

Chapter 7¡¡Development of High-technology Industry 118

Section 1¡¡High-technology Industry 118

Section 2¡¡High-technology Products 124

Section 3¡¡National High-technology Industrial Development Zones 127

Section 4¡¡Venture Capital 132

Chapter 8¡¡Regional Science and Technology Indicators 137

Annex Tables 148

Annex Table 1-1¡¡Overview of China¡¯s HRST stock (2006-2017) 148

Annex Table 1-2¡¡R&D personnel of selected countries (regions) 150

Annex Table 1-3¡¡ R&D personnel of selected countries (regions) by sector of

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡performance 151

Annex Table 1-4¡¡Number of undergraduate and postgraduate students (2005-2017) 152

Annex Table 1-5¡¡Number of Chinese students studying abroad and returning home

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from overseas (1990-2017) 153

Annex Table 2-1¡¡R&D expenditure (2000-2017) 154

Annex Table 2-2¡¡Distribution of R&D expenditure by type of activity and sector

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of performance (2000-2017) 155

Annex Table 2-3¡¡Structure of R&D expenditure by sector of performance (2017) 156

Annex Table 2-4¡¡Central and local government S&T expenditures and their proportions

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡(2000-2017) 157

Annex Table 2-5¡¡R&D expenditure of selected countries (regions) (2005-2017) 158

Annex Table 2-6¡¡R&D intensity of selected countries (regions) (2005-2017) 159

Annex Table 2-7¡¡R&D expenditure of selected countries (regions) by source of funding

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and sector of performance (2017) 161

Annex Table 2-8¡¡R&D expenditure of selected countries (regions) by type of R&D

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡activity 162

Annex Table 2-9¡¡R&D expenditure of selected countries by type of expenditure 163

Annex Table 3-1¡¡Number of SCI-indexed Chinese papers (2005-2017) 164

Annex Table 3-2¡¡Number of Chinese SCI papers by discipline and type of institution

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡(2005-2017) 165

Annex Table 3-3¡¡China¡¯s efficiency of R&D expenditure and R&D personnel by

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ output of SCI papers (2000-2015) 165

Annex Table 3-4¡¡Number of resident and non-resident patent applications and grants by

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡type (2005-2017) 166

Annex Table 3-5¡¡Number of non-resident invention patent applications by country

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡(2005-2017) 168

Annex Table 3-6¡¡Number of non-resident invention patent grants by country

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ (2005-2017) 169

Annex Table 3-7¡¡Resident service and non-service invention patent grants (2005-2017) 170

Annex Table 3-8¡¡Number of resident and non-resident patents in force by type

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡(2006-2017) 170

Annex Table 3-9¡¡Number of PCT applications by country (2005-2017) 172

Annex Table 3-10¡¡Number of triadic patent families by country (2005-2016) 173

Annex Table 3-11¡¡Turnover of national technology market contracts (2007-2017) 174

Annex Table 3-12¡¡National technology market contracts (2017) 175

Annex Table 4-1¡¡Enterprise R&D personnel and R&D expenditure (2000-2017) 176

Annex Table 4-2¡¡Sources and composition of enterprise R&D expenditure

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡(2010-2017) 177

Annex Table 4-3¡¡Enterprise intramural R&D expenditure (2004-2017) 178

Annex Table 4-4¡¡R&D intensity of industrial enterprises (2004-2017) 178

Annex Table 4-5¡¡Experimental development expenditure of industrial enterprises and as

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a percentage of R&D expenditure (2004-2017) 179

Annex Table 4-6¡¡Industrial enterprise intramural R&D expenditure by industry (2017) 179

Annex Table 4-7¡¡Extramural R&D expenditure of industrial enterprises by industry

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡(2017) 181

Annex Table 4-8¡¡Collaborative R&D projects of industrial enterprises by partner type

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡(2017) 183

Annex Table 4-9¡¡Expenditure on technology acquisition of industrial enterprises

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡(2000-2017) 183

Annex Table 5-1¡¡R&D activity of regular HEIs (2005-2017) 184

Annex Table 5-2¡¡Higher education R&D expenditure of selected countries (2017) 185

Annex Table 5-3¡¡Ratio of higher education R&D expenditure to GDP of selected

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡countries (2005-2017) 186

Annex Table 5-4¡¡Higher education papers, patents and technology market contracts

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡(2005-2017) 186

Annex Table 6-1¡¡Number of research institutes (2005-2017) 187

Annex Table 6-2¡¡Personnel of research institutes (2005-2017) 188