ҽѧÓлú»¯Ñ§ MEDICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY(Ó¢ÎÄ°æ)(ÁôѧÉúÓëË«Óï½ÌѧÓÃ)

Contents

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Chapter 1¡¡Introduction ¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­1

1.1¡¡Organic Compounds ...........................................1

1.2¡¡Features of Organic Compounds........................2

1.3¡¡The Covalent Bond...............................................2

1.4¡¡Structural Representations of Organic

¡¡Compounds............................................................5

1.5¡¡Functional Groups and Classification of

¡¡Organic Compounds.............................................7

1.6¡¡Isomerism...............................................................8

1.7¡¡Significance of Studying Organic Chemistry for

¡¡Medical Students...................................................9

Chapter 2¡¡Saturated Hydrocarbons: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­11

2.1¡¡Classification of Hydrocarbons.........................11

2.2¡¡Alkanes.................................................................12

2.3¡¡Cycloalkanes .......................................................21

Chapter 3¡¡Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatics¡­¡­26

3.1¡¡Alkenes.................................................................26

3.2¡¡Alkynes.................................................................32

3.3¡¡Aromatic Hydrocarbons....................................34

Chapter 4¡¡Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers¡­¡­41

4.1¡¡Alcohols................................................................41

4.2¡¡Phenols..................................................................45

4.3¡¡Ethers....................................................................46

4.4¡¡Thioalcohols and Disulfides..............................48

Chapter 5¡¡Aldehydes and Ketones¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­52

5.1¡¡Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones...............52

5.2¡¡Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones ..........52

5.3¡¡Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones.............54

5.4¡¡Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones ..........54

5.5¡¡Chemical Properties of Aldehydes

¡¡ and Ketones.........................................................55

Chapter 6¡¡Carboxylic Acids and Acid Derivatives¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­65

6.1¡¡Introduction to Acids and Acid Derivatives...65

6.2¡¡Structure and Physical Properties of Carboxylic

¡¡ Acids.....................................................................67

6.3¡¡Naming the Carboxylic Acids...........................69

6.4¡¡Reactions of Carboxylic Acids...........................70

6.5¡¡Reactions which yield carboxylic acids...........74

6.6¡¡Nomenclature of Acid Derivatives...................74

6.7¡¡Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid

¡¡ Derivatives...........................................................77

6.8¡¡Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acid

¡¡ Derivatives...........................................................78

Chapter 7¡¡Amines¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­87

7.1¡¡Classification and Nomenclature of Amines..87

7.2.Structure of Amines............................................88

7.3¡¡Physical Properties of Amines..........................89

7.4¡¡Chemical Properties of Amines........................89

7.5.Aromatic Diazonium Salts.................................92

7.6.Alkaloids..............................................................92

Chapter 8¡¡Optical Isomerism¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­95

8.1.Optical Activity...................................................95

8.2.Molecular Chirality.............................................97

8.3¡¡Nomenclature of Chiral Carbon Atoms...........98

8.4.Fischer Projections............................................100

8.5¡¡Assigning R or S Configuration to

¡¡Fischer Projections.............................................101

8.6¡¡Compounds Have Two or More

¡¡Chiral Centers....................................................102

8.7¡¡Chirality in the Biological World....................103

Chapter 9¡¡Carbohydrates¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­108

9.1¡¡Structure and Names of Monosaccharides....108

9.2.Disaccharides.....................................................117

9.3.Polysaccharides.................................................119

Chapter 10¡¡Lipids¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­123

10.1¡¡Triacylglycerol¡ªFats and Oils......................123

10.2¡¡Chemical properties of triacylglycerol.........124

10.3¡¡Fatty Acids in Triacylglycerols......................124

10.4.Glycerophospholipids....................................126

10.5.Steroids.............................................................127

Chapter 11¡¡Amino Acid and Proteins¡­¡­¡­¡­130

11.1.Amino Acids....................................................130

11.2.Structures of Polypeptides.............................134

11.3.Structures of Proteins.....................................136

Chapter 12¡¡Nucleic Acids¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­142

12.1.Pentose..............................................................142

12.2¡¡Heterocyclic Nitrogenous Bases...................142

12.3.Nucleosides......................................................142

12.4.Nucleotides......................................................143

12.5¡¡Primary Structures of Nucleic Acids............143

12.6¡¡Secondary Structure of DNA.........................144

12.7¡¡Higher orders of DNA Structures.................145

12.8¡¡The Roles of DNA and RNA in Genetic

¡¡.Process...............................................................145

References¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­146