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µÚ 1 Õ »¯Ñ§ÉúÎïѧ»ù´¡£¨The Fundamentals of Chemical Biology£© 1 1.1 ·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧÖÐÐÄ·¨Ôò£¨The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology£© 2 1.2 »ùÒò£¨Genes£© 3 1.3 »ùÒò×飨Genomes£© 5 1.4 »ùÒò×éÒÔÍâµÄÉúÎï¶àÑùÐÔÀ´Ô´£¨Sources of Diversity Beyond Genomes£© 9 1.5 ×é×°²úÉúµÄ¶àÑùÐÔ£¨Combinatorial Assembly Generates Diversity£© 11 1.6 һЩ³£¼ûµÄ»¯Ñ§ÉúÎïѧ¹¤¾ß£¨Some Common Tools of Chemical Biology£© 15 1.7 ×ܽᣨSummary£© 23 µÚ 2 Õ ÉúÎïÌåµÄ»¯Ñ§ÆðÔ´£¨The Chemical Origins of Biology£© 25 2.1 µç×ÓתÒÆ»úÀíÊÇ·Ö×Ó¹ìµÀÀíÂÛµÄÒ»ÖÖ±í´ïÐÎʽ£¨Mechanistic Arrow-Pushing is an Expression of Molecular Orbital Theory£© 25 2.2 Çâ¼üºÍÖÊ×ÓתÒÆ£¨Hydrogen Bonds and Proton Transfers£© 30 2.3 Ç°ÉúÃü»¯Ñ§£¨Prebiotic Chemistry£© 34 2.4 ·Ç¼üÏ໥×÷Óã¨Nonbonding Interactions£© 39 2.5 Ä£¿é»¯Éè¼ÆµÄ÷ÈÁ¦£¨The Power of Modular Design£© 44 2.6 ×ܽᣨSummary£© 48 µÚ 3 Õ DNA 53 3.1 DNAµÄ½á¹¹ÐÎʽ£¨Forms of DNA£© 54 3.2 DNAµÄºËÌǺËËáÑÇ»ù£¨The Ribonucleotide Subunits of DNA£© 55 3.3 DNAÖеĻù±¾×÷ÓÃÁ¦£¨Elementary Forces in DNA£© 59 3.4 DNA³¬½á¹¹£¨DNA Superstructure£© 67 3.5 ¾ÛºÏø½éµ¼µÄDNAÉúÎïºÏ³É£¨The Biological Synthesis of DNA by Polymerase Enzymes£© 72 3.6 DNAµÄ»¯Ñ§ºÏ³É£¨The Chemical Synthesis of DNA£© 76 3.7 DNA·Ö×ӵĵçÓ¾·ÖÀ루Separation of DNA Molecules by Electrophoresis£© 85 3.8 DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ£¨Recombinant DNA Technology£© 90 3.9 ºËËá¹â»¯Ñ§£¨Nucleic Acid Photochemistry£© 95 3.10 DNA×÷Ϊϸ°û¶¾ÐÔÒ©ÎïµÄ°Ð±ê£¨DNA as a Target for Cytotoxic Drugs£© 97 3.11 ×ܽᣨSummary£© 113 µÚ 4 Õ RNA 119 4.1 RNAµÄ½á¹¹£¨RNA Structure£© 120 4.2 RNAµÄºÏ³É£¨RNA Synthesis£© 126 4.3 ת¼µ÷¿Ø£¨Transcriptional Control£© 128 4.4 ÕæºËÉúÎïµÄmRNA¼Ó¹¤£¨mRNA Processing in Eukaryotes£© 135 4.5 RNAµÄÊܿؽµ½â£¨Controlled Degradation of RNA£© 139 4.6 mRNA±»ºËÌÇÌå·­Òë³Éµ°°×ÖÊ£¨Ribosomal Translation of mRNA into Protein£© 142 4.7 ´Ó¹ÑºËÜÕËá¿âµ½µ°°×Öʿ⣨From Oligonucleotide Libraries to Protein Libraries£© 156 4.8 ×ܽᣨSummary£© 159 µÚ 5 Õ ¶àëĺ͵°°×ÖʵĽṹ£¨Peptide and Protein Structure£© 163 5.1 °±»ùËáºÍ¶àëÄ£¨Amino Acids and Peptides£© 164 5.2 ¹ÌÏà¶àëĺϳɣ¨Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis£© 169 5.3 ¾ö¶¨µ°°×Öʶþ¼¶½á¹¹µÄ»ù±¾×÷ÓÃÁ¦£¨Fundamental Forces that Control Protein Secondary Structure£© 181 5.4 ¶þÁò¼ü½»ÁªµÄ»¯Ñ§£¨The Chemistry of Disulfide Crosslinks£© 188 5.5 µ°°×ÖʽṹÓòµÄ½á¹¹ºÍ¹¦ÄÜ£¨Protein Domains Have Structural and Functional Roles£© 191 5.6 *¸ß²ã¼¶µÄµ°°×Öʽṹ£¨Higher Levels of Protein Structure£© 200 5.7 ×ܽᣨSummary£© 201 µÚ 6 Õ µ°°×Öʹ¦ÄÜ£¨Protein Function£© 209 6.1 ÊÜÌå-ÅäÌåÏ໥×÷Óã¨Receptor-Ligand Interactions£© 210 6.2 ´Ó¶¨Á¿½Ç¶ÈÈÏʶø¹¦ÄÜ£¨A Quantitative View of Enzyme Function£© 216 6.3 ¶à²½·´Ó¦Ã¸´ß»¯»úÖÆ£¨A Mechanistic View of Enzymes that Catalyze Multistep Reactions£© 219 6.4 Óлú¸¨Ã¸Òò×Ó£¨Enzymes that Use Organic Cofactors£© 240 6.5 µ°°×Öʹ¤³Ì¸ÄÔ죨Engineering Improved Protein Function£© 245 6.6 ×ܽᣨSummary£© 251 µÚ 7 Õ ÌÇÉúÎïѧ£¨Glycobiology£© 255 7.1 ½á¹¹£¨Structure£© 255 7.2 ÌÇÜÕ¼üµÄ»¯Ñ§ºÍøѧ£¨The Chemistry and Enzymology of the Glycosidic Bond£© 260 7.3 ¶àÌÇ£¨Polysaccharides£© 269 7.4 Ìǵ°°×£¨Glycoproteins£© 272 7.5 ÌÇÖ¬£¨Glycolipids£© 286 7.6 ϸ°ûÄÚµÄÌÇ»ù»¯£¨Glycosylation in the Cytosol£© 288 7.7 ¹ÑÌǵĻ¯Ñ§ºÏ³É£¨Chemical Synthesis of Oligosaccharides£© 290 7.8 ÓëÌÇÅäÌå½áºÏµÄµ°°×ÖÊ£¨Proteins that Bind to Carbohydrate Ligands£© 293 7.9 ÆÏÌÑÌÇÎÈ̬ÓëÌÇÄò²¡£¨Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes£© 301 7.10 ×ܽᣨSummary£© 306 µÚ 8 Õ ¾ÛͪºÍÝÆÀࣨPolyketides and Terpenes£© 309 8.1 ¾ÛͪÉúÎïºÏ³ÉÖеĿËÀ³É­·´Ó¦£¨The Claisen Reaction in Polyketide Biosynthesis£© 310 8.2 ¾ÛͪÉúÎïºÏ³É·¶Àý£ºÖ¬·¾ËáÉúÎïºÏ³É£¨The Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids is a Paradigm for Polyketides Biosynthesis£© 312 8.3 ÈËÔ´¾ÛͪµÄÉúÎïѧ¹¦ÄÜ£¨The Biological Role of Human Polyketides£© 317 8.4 ·ÇÈËÔ´¾ÛͪÀàÌìÈ»²úÎNonhuman Polyketides Natural Products£© 330 8.5 ·ÇºËÌÇÌåëĺϳÉø£¨Nonribosomal Peptide Synthases£© 337 8.6 ÈËÔ´ÝÆÀࣨHuman Terpenes£© 338 8.7 ·ÇÈËÔ´ÝÆÀàÌìÈ»²úÎNonhuman Terpene Natural Products£© 351 8.8 С½á£¨Summary£© 358 µÚ 9 Õ ÐźÅתµ¼µÄ»¯Ñ§µ÷¿Ø£¨Chemical Control of Signal Transduction£© 363 9.1 ÐźÅתµ¼£¨Singal Transduction£© 365 9.2 ÈËÌåϸ°ûÖеÄÐźÅͨ·¸ÅÊö£¨An Overview of Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Cells£© 369 9.3 ºËÊÜÌ壨Nuclear Receptors£© 372 9.4 Óëת¼Òò×ÓÖ±½ÓÏ໥×÷ÓõÄϸ°û±íÃæÊÜÌ壨Cell-Surface Receptors that Interact Directly with Transcription Factors£© 380 9.5 ÊÜÌåÀÒ°±Ëἤø£¨Receptor Tyrosine Kinases£© 385 9.6 Gµ°°×żÁªÊÜÌ壨G Protein-Coupled Receptors£¬GPCR£© 395 9.7 Àë×ÓͨµÀÊÜÌ壨Ion Channel Receptors£© 408 9.8 Èý¾Û»¯ËÀÍöÊÜÌ壨Trimeric Death Receptors£© 414 9.9 ÆøÌåС·Ö×ÓÐźÅתµ¼Í¨Â·£¨Pathways Controlled by Small Diffusible Gas Molecules£© 416 9.10 ×ܽᣨSummary£© 418