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Chapter One Historical Background ±³¾°½éÉÜ...................... 1

1.1 The Seclusion Policy ±Õ¹ØËø¹úÕþ²ß ..............................................................................3

1.2 The Chinese-Barbarians Distinction »ªÒÄÖ®±æ .............................................................10

1.3 The Opium Abuse in the Late Qing Dynasty and the 19th Century Britain

ѻƬÔÚÍíÇåºÍ19 ÊÀ¼ÍÓ¢¹úµÄÀÄÓà ...........................................................................14

Chapter Two Chinese Scholar Officials¡¯ Response to the First

Opium War ÍíÇåÊ¿´ó·ò¶Ô**´ÎѻƬսÕùµÄ»ØÓ¦....... 21

2.1 Wei Yuan and His Haiguo Tuzhi κԴÓëÆ䡶º£¹úͼ־¡· .........................................22

2.2 Xu Jiyu and His Yinghuan Zhilue Ðì¼Ì®ŒÓëÆ䡶å­å¾Ö¾ÂÔ¡· ..................................29

2.3 The Response Difference Between China and Japan ÖйúÓëÈÕ±¾µÄ²»Í¬·´Ó¦ ..........36

Chapter Three Aisin Gioro Yixin and Zongli Yamen

°®Ð¾õÂÞ? ÞÈÓë×ÜÀíÑÃÃÅ........................ 41

3.1 Yixin ÞÈ .......................................................................................................................42

3.2 Zongli Yamen ×ÜÀíÑÃÃÅ ................................................................................................44

3.3 Elements of International Law¡¶Íò¹ú¹«·¨¡· ............................................................47

Chapter Four Tongwen Guan ͬÎĹÝ............................. 57

4.1 The Establishment of Tongwen Guan ͬÎĹݵĽ¨Á¢ ..................................................58

4.2 William Alexander Parsons Martin ¶¡è¸Á¼ ...................................................................61

4.3 The Curriculum ¿Î³ÌÉèÖà .............................................................................................66

4.4 The Dispute Concerning the Curriculum ¿Î³ÌÕùÒé ......................................................68

Chapter Five The Sino-Foreign Relations Öйú¶ÔÍâ¹Øϵ............. 75

5.1 Robert Hart ÂÞ²®ÌØ? ºÕµÂ ............................................................................................76

5.2 Introduction of the British Civil Service System Òý½øÓ¢¹úÎĹÙÖÆ¶È .........................78

5.3 Anson Burlingame °²É­? ÆÑ°²³¼ .................................................................................82

5.4 The Burlingame Mission ÆÑ°²³¼Ê¹ÍÅ ..........................................................................86

5.5 The Chinese Exclusion Act ÅÅ»ª·¨°¸ ...........................................................................87

Chapter Six The Self-Strengthening Movement ÑóÎñÔ˶¯........... 93

6.1 Military Training ¾üÊÂѵÁ· ...........................................................................................94

6.2 Setting up Arsenals ½¨Á¢±ø¹¤³§ ...................................................................................98

Chapter Seven The Translation Department of Jiangnan Arsenal

½­ÄÏÖÆÔì¾Ö·­Òë¹Ý.............................. 111

7.1 The Background ±³¾°½éÉÜ ..........................................................................................112

7.2 Xu Shou and Li Shanlan ÐìÊÙÓëÀîÉÆÀ¼ .....................................................................114

7.3 John Fryer ¸µÀ¼ÑÅ .......................................................................................................119

7.4 Xu Jianyin and Hua Hengfang Ð콨ÒúÓ뻪޿·¼ .......................................................122

Chapter Eight Young John Allen and Chinese Language Newspapers

ÁÖÀÖÖªÓëÖÐÎı¨Ö½............................... 127

8.1 The Background ±³¾°½éÉÜ ..........................................................................................128

8.2 Chinese Language Newspapers in the Late Qing Period ÍíÇåʱÆÚµÄÖÐÎı¨Ö½ .......129

Chapter Nine Introduction of the Western Education System to China

Î÷ʽ½ÌÓýÒýÈëÖйú................................ 145

9.1 The Background ±³¾°½éÉÜ ..........................................................................................146

9.2 The Impact of Robert Morrison¡¯s Activities on China¡¯s General Education

ÂíÀñÑ·µÄ»î¶¯¶ÔÖйúÆÕͨ½ÌÓýµÄÓ°Ïì ...................................................................150

9.3 The American Medical Missionaries ÃÀ¹úҽѧ´«½ÌÊ¿ ..............................................154

9.4 The Medical Education¡ªThe Rockefeller Foundation ҽѧ½ÌÓý¡ª¡ªÂåÊÏ»ù½ð»á ...158

Chapter Ten Yung Wing and the Impact of Western Thought

ÈÝãÈÓëÎ÷·½Ë¼ÏëµÄÓ°Ïì............................ 165

10.1 Yung Wing ÈÝãÈ .........................................................................................................166

10.2 The Impact of Greek Thought Ï£À°Ë¼ÏëµÄÓ°Ïì ......................................................169

10.3 The Chinese Educational Mission ÁôÃÀÓ×ͯ¼Æ»® ....................................................174

10.4 The Impact of the Chinese Educational Mission ÁôÃÀÓ×ͯ¼Æ»®µÄÓ°Ïì .................177

Chapter Eleven Yan Fu¡ªThe Chinese Enlightenment Thinker

Ñϸ´¡ª¡ªÖйúÆôÃÉ˼Ïë¼Ò........................ 183

11.1 The Background ±³¾°½éÉÜ ........................................................................................184

11.2 Translation of Thomas Huxley ·­ÒëºÕñãÀè .............................................................187

11.3 Translation of Adam Smith¡¯s The Wealth of Nations

·­ÒëÑǵ±? ˹ÃÜ¡¶¹ú¸»ÂÛ¡· ...................................................................................190

11.4 Translation of John Stuart Mill¡¯s On Liberty and Montesquieu¡¯s The Spirit

of Laws ·­ÒëÃܶû¡¶ÂÛ×ÔÓÉ¡·¼°ÃϵÂ˹㞁ÂÛ·¨µÄ¾«Éñ¡· ..............................193

Chapter Twelve A Comparison of Two Quanxue Pian

±È½ÏÁ½²¿¡¶È°Ñ§Æª¡·............................ 201

12.1 The Background ±³¾°½éÉÜ ........................................................................................202

12.2 An Analysis of Exhortation to Study by Zhang Zhidong ÕÅÖ®¶´¡¶È°Ñ§Æª¡··ÖÎö ....206

12.3 Fukuzawa Yukichi and His An Encouragement of Learning

¸£ÔóÚͼªÓ롶Ȱѧƪ¡· ..........................................................................................212

Chapter Thirteen Kang Youwei¡ªThe First Reformer in China

¿µÓÐΪ¡ª¡ªÖйú**λ¸Ä¸ï¼Ò.................. 219

13.1 Kang Youwei¡¯s Ideas ¿µÓÐΪ˼Ïë ............................................................................220

13.2 Kang Youwei¡¯s Theoretical Framework ¿µÓÐΪÀíÂÛ¿ò¼Ü ......................................229

Chapter Fourteen Liang Qichao and His Reform Ideas

ÁºÆô³¬¼°Æä¸Ä¸ï˼Ïë.......................... 237

14.1 Liang Qichao¡¯s Education Experience ÁºÆô³¬ÊܽÌÓý±³¾° .....................................238

14.2 The Impact of Japan on Liang Qichao ÈÕ±¾¶ÔÁºÆô³¬µÄÓ°Ïì .................................240

14.3 Discourse on the New Citizen¡¶ÐÂÃñ˵¡· .............................................................241

14.4 On Enlightened Despotism¡¶¿ªÃ÷רÖÆÂÛ¡· .........................................................246