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Chapter 1 Signal Integrity Is in Your Future
1£®1 What Are Signal Integrity£¬ Power Integrity£¬ and Electromagnetic Compatibility?
1£®2 Signal-Integrity Effects on One Net
1£®3 Cross Talk
1£®4 Rail-Collapse Noise
1£®5 ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI)
1£®6 Two Important Signal-Integrity Generalizations
1£®7 Trends in Electronic Products
1£®8 The Need for a New Design Methodology
1£®9 A New Product Design Methodology
1£®10 Simulations
1£®11 Modeling and Models
1£®12 Creating Circuit Models from Calculation
1£®13 Three Types of Measurements
1£®14 The Role of Measurements
1£®15 The Bottom Line
Chapter 2 Time and Frequency Domains
2£®1 The Time Domain
2£®2 Sine Waves in the Frequency Domain
2£®3 Shorter Time to a Solution in the Frequency Domain
2£®4 Sine-Wave Features
2£®5 The Fourier Transform
2£®6 The Spectrum of a Repetitive Signal
2£®7 The Spectrum of an Ideal Square Wave
2£®8 From the Frequency Domain to the Time Domain
2£®9 Effect of Bandwidth on Rise Time
2£®10 Bandwidth and Rise Time
2£®11 What Does Significant Mean?
2£®12 Bandwidth of Real Signals
2£®13 Bandwidth and Clock Frequency
2£®14 Bandwidth of a Measurement
2£®15 Bandwidth of a Model
2£®16 Bandwidth of an Interconnect
2£®17 The Bottom Line
Chapter 3 Impedance and Electrical Models
3£®1 Describing Signal-Integrity Solutions in Terms of Impedance
3£®2 What Is Impedance?
3£®3 Real Versus Ideal Circuit Elements
3£®4 Impedance of an Ideal Resistor in the Time Domain
3£®5 Impedance of an Ideal Capacitor in the Time Domain
3£®6 Impedance of an Ideal Inductor in the Time Domain
3£®7 Impedance in the Frequency Domain
3£®8 Equivalent Electrical Circuit Models
3£®9 Circuit Theory and SPICE
3£®10 Introduction to Measurement-Based Modeling
3£®11 The Bottom Line
Chapter 4 The Physical Basis of Resistance
4£®1 Translating Physical Design into Electrical Performance
4£®2 The Only Good Approximation for the Resistance of Interconnects
4£®3 Bulk Resistivity
4£®4 Resistance per Length
4£®5 Sheet Resistance
4£®6 The Bottom Line
Chapter 5 The Physical Basis of Capacitance
5£®1 Current Flow in Capacitors
5£®2 The Capacitance of a Sphere
5£®3 Parallel Plate Approximation
5£®4 Dielectric Constant
5£®5 Power and Ground Planes and Decoupling Capacitance
5£®6 Capacitance per Length
5£®7 2D Field Solvers
5£®8 Effective Dielectric Constant
5£®9 The Bottom Line
Chapter 6 The Physical Basis of Inductance
6£®1 What Is Inductance?
6£®2 Inductance Principle 1£º There Are Circular Rings of Magnetic-Field Lines Around All Currents
6£®3 Inductance Principle 2£º Inductance Is the Number of Webers of Field Line Rings Around a Conductor per Amp of Current Through It
6£®4 Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance
6£®5 Inductance Principle 3£º When the Number of Field Line Rings Around a Conductor Changes£¬ There Will Be a Voltage Induced Across the Ends of the Conductor
6£®6 Partial Inductance
6£®7 Effective£¬ Total£¬ or Net Inductance and Ground Bounce
6£®8 Loop Self- and Mutual Inductance
6£®9 The Power Distribution Network (PDN) and Loop Inductance
6£®10 Loop Inductance per Square of Planes
6£®11 Loop Inductance of Planes and Via Contacts
6£®12 Loop Inductance of Planes with a Field of Clearance Holes
6£®13 Loop Mutual Inductance
6£®14 Equivalent Inductance of Multiple Inductors
6£®15 Summary of Inductance
6£®16 Current Distributions and Skin Depth
6£®17 High-Permeability Materials
6£®18 Eddy Currents
6£®19 The Bottom Line
Chapter 7 The Physical Basis of Transmission Lines
7£®1 Forget the Word Ground
7£®2 The Signal
7£®3 Uniform Transmission Lines
7£®4 The Speed of Electrons in Copper
7£®5 The Speed of a Signal in a Transmission Line
7£®6 Spatial Extent of the Leading Edge
7£®7 ¡°Be the Signal¡±
7£®8 The Instantaneous Impedance of a Transmission Line
7£®9 Characteristic Impedance and Controlled Impedance
7£®10 Famous Characteristic Impedances
7£®11 The Impedance of a Transmission Line
7£®12 Driving a Transmission Line
7£®13 Return Paths
7£®14 When Return Paths Switch Reference Planes
7£®15 A First-Order Model of a Transmission Line
7£®16 Calculating Characteristic Impedance with Approximations
7£®17 Calculating the Characteristic Impedance with a 2D Field Solver
7£®18 An n-Section Lumped-Circuit Model
7£®19 Frequency Variation of the Characteristic Impedance
7£®20 The Bottom Line
Chapter 8 Transmission Lines and Reflections
8£®1 Reflections at Impedance Changes
8£®2 Why Are There Reflections?
8£®3 Reflections from Resistive Loads
8£®4 Source Impedance
8£®5 Bounce Diagrams
8£®6 Simulating Reflected Waveforms
8£®7 Measuring Reflections with a TDR
8£®8 Transmission Lines and Unintentional Discontinuities
8£®9 When to Terminate
8£®10 The Most Common Termination Strategy for Point-to-Point Topology
8£®11 Reflections from Short Series Transmission Lines
8£®12 Reflections from Short-Stub Transmission Lines
8£®13 Reflections from Capacitive End Terminations
8£®14 Reflections from Capacitive Loads in the Middle of a Trace
8£®15 Capacitive Delay Adders
8£®16 Effects of Corners and Vias
8£®17 Loaded Lines
8£®18 Reflections from Inductive Discontinuities
8£®19 Compensation
8£®20 The Bottom Line
Chapter 9 Lossy Lines£¬ Rise-Time Degradation£¬ and Material Properties
9£®1 Why Worry About Lossy Lines?
9£®2 Losses in Transmission Lines
9£®3 Sources of Loss£º Conductor Resistance and Skin Depth
9£®4 Sources of Loss£º The Dielectric
9£®5 Dissipation Factor
9£®6 The Real Meaning of Dissipation Factor
9£®7 Modeling Lossy Transmission Lines
9£®8 Characteristic Impedance of a Lossy Transmission Line
9£®9 Signal Velocity in a Lossy Transmission Line
9£®10 Attenuation and dB
9£®11 Attenuation in Lossy Lines
9£®12 Measured Properties of a Lossy Line in the Frequency Domain
9£®13 The Bandwidth of an Interconnect
9£®14 Time-Domain Behavior of Lossy Lines
9£®15 Improving the Eye Diagram of a Transmission Line
9£®16 How Much Attenuation Is Too Much?
9£®17 The Bottom Line
Chapter 10 Cross Talk in Transmission Lines
10£®1 Superposition
10£®2 Origin of Coupling£º Capacitance and Inductance
10£®3 Cross Talk in Transmission Lines£º NEXT and FEXT
10£®4 Describing Cross Talk
10£®5 The SPICE Capacitance Matrix
10£®6 The Maxwell Capacitance Matrix and 2D Field Solvers
10£®7 The Inductance Matrix
10£®8 Cross Talk in Uniform Transmission Lines and Saturation Length
10£®9 Capacitively Coupled Currents
10£®10 Inductively Coupled Currents
10£®11 Near-End Cross Talk
10£®12 Far-End Cross Talk
10£®13 Decreasing Far-End Cross Talk
10£®14 Simulating Cross Talk
10£®15 Guard Traces
10£®16 Cross Talk and Dielectric Constant
10£®17 Cross Talk and Timing
10£®18 Switching Noise
10£®19 Summary of Reducing Cross Talk
10£®20 The Bottom Line
Chapter 11 Differential Pairs and Differential Impedance
11£®1 Differential Signaling
11£®2 A Differential Pair
11£®3 Differential Impedance with No Coupling
11£®4 The Impact from Coupling
11£®5 Calculating Differential Impedance
11£®6 The Return-Current Distribution in a Differential Pair
11£®7 Odd and Even Modes
11£®8 Differential Impedance and Odd-Mode Impedance
11£®9 Common Impedance and Even-Mode Impedance
11£®10 Differential and Common Signals and Odd- and Even-Mode Voltage Components
11£®11 Velocity of Each Mode and Far-End Cross Talk
11£®12 Ideal Coupled Transmission-Line Model or an Ideal Differential Pair
11£®13 Measuring Even- and Odd-Mode Impedance
11£®14 Terminating Differential and Common Signals
11£®15 Conversion of Differential to Common Signals
11£®16 EMI and Common Signals
11£®17 Cross Talk in Differential Pairs
11£®18 Crossing a Gap in the Return Path
11£®19 To Tightly Couple or Not to Tightly Couple
11£®20 Calculating Odd and Even Modes from Capacitance- and Inductance-Matrix Elements
11£®21 The Impedance Matrix
11£®22 The Bottom Line
Chapter 12 S-Parameters for Signal-Integrity Applications
12£®1 S-Parameters£¬ the New Universal Metric
12£®2 What Are S-Parameters?
12£®3 Basic S-Parameter Formalism
12£®4 S-Parameter Matrix Elements
12£®5 Introducing the Return and Insertion Loss
12£®6 A Transparent Interconnect
12£®7 Changing the Port Impedance
12£®8 The Phase of S21 for a Uniform 50-Ohm Transmission Line
12£®9 The Magnitude of S21 for a Uniform Transmission Line
12£®10 Coupling to Other Transmission Lines
12£®11 Insertion Loss for Non-50-Ohm Transmission Lines
12£®12 Data-Mining S-Parameters
12£®13 Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
12£®14 Differential Insertion Loss
12£®15 The Mode Conversion Terms
12£®16 Converting to Mixed-Mode S-Parameters
12£®17 Time and Frequency Domains
12£®18 The Bottom Line
Chapter 13 The Power Distribution Network (PDN)
13£®1 The Problem
13£®2 The Root Cause
13£®3 The Most Important Design Guidelines for the PDN
13£®4 Establishing the Target Impedance Is Hard
13£®5 Every Product Has a Unique PDN Requirement
13£®6 Engineering the PDN
13£®7 The VRM
13£®8 Simulating Impedance with SPICE
13£®9 On-Die Capacitance
13£®10 The Package Barrier
13£®11 The PDN with No Decoupling Capacitors
13£®12 The MLCC Capacitor
13£®13 The Equivalent Series Inductance
13£®14 Approximating Loop Inductance
13£®15 Optimizing the Mounting of Capacitors
13£®16 Combining Capacitors in Parallel
13£®17 Engineering a Reduced Parallel Resonant Peak by Adding More Capacitors
13£®18 Selecting Capacitor Values
13£®19 Estimating the Number of Capacitors Needed
13£®20 How Much Does a nH Cost?
13£®21 Quantity or Specific Values?
13£®22 Sculpting the Impedance Profiles£º The Frequency-Domain Target Impedance Method (FDTIM)
13£®23 When Every pH Counts
13£®24 Location£¬ Location£¬ Location
13£®25 When Spreading Inductance Is the Limitation
13£®26 The Chip View
13£®27 Bringing It All Together
13£®28 The Bottom Line
Appendix A 100+ General Design Guidelines to Minimize Signal-Integrity Problems
Appendix B 100 Collected Rules of Thumb to Help Estimate Signal-Integrity Effects
Appendix C Selected References