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Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction/1

1.1 Context of the Study/1

1.2 Research Questions and Relevant Concepts/3

1.3 Significance of the Study/7

1.4 Organization of the Book/9

Chapter 2 Theoretical Background: Compounding Morphology and Approaches to Processing Morphologically Complex Words/12

2.1 The Linguistic Description of Compound Words/12

2.2 Compound Words in Chinese/21

2.3 Theoretical Background of the Research on Morphologically Complex Words/24

2.4 Summary/31

Chapter 3 Literature Review: Compound Word Processing as a Research Domain/33

3.1 The Processing of L1 Compound Words/34

3.2 The Processing of Chinese Compound Words/47

3.3 The Processing of L2 Compound Words/52

3.4 The Present Study/60

3.5 Summary/65

Chapter 4 Experiment 1: Lexical Decision on English Compound Words by Chinese EFL Learners/68

4.1 Hypotheses/68

4.2 Method/69

4.3 Results/80

4.4 Discussion/83

4.5 Summary/87

Chapter 5 Experiments 2 & 3: Cross-language Priming in Compound Word Processing by Chinese EFL Learners/88

5.1 Hypotheses/89

5.2 Method/91

5.3 Results/103

5.4 Discussion/113

5.5 Summary/118

Chapter 6 General Discussion/120

6.1 Morphological Decomposition in L1 and L2 Compound Processing/120

6.2 Cross-language Activation in L2 Compound Processing/125

6.3 The Time Course of L2 Morphological Processing/133

6.4 Semantic Transparency in L1 and L2 Compound Processing/135

6.5 Summary/137

Chapter 7 Conclusion/139

7.1 Overall Summary of the Findings/140

7.2 Implications/142

7.3 Limitations and Future Research Directions/145

Bibliography/148

Abbreviations/164

Appendices/165

Appendix I: Familiarity Rating/165

Appendix II: Semantic Transparency Rating (English)/170

Appendix III: Semantic Transparency Rating (Chinese)/173

Appendix IV: Morpheme Translation (English to Chinese)/177

Appendix V: Morpheme Translation (Chinese to English)/179

Appendix VI: Critical Test Items and Rating Results in Experiment 1 /181

Appendix VII: Primes and Targets in Experiment 2/182

Appendix VIII: Primes and Targets in Experiment 3/183

List of Tables

Table 4.1 English Compound Words Rated as Transparent and Opaque in Experiment 1/73

Table 4.2 Critical Items of Experiment 1/76

Table 4.3 Average Level of Familiarity and Transparency for 4 Conditions in Experiment 1/77

Table 4.4 Mean ARs (SDs) and RTs (SDs) in 4 Conditions in Experiment 1 (by Subjects)/81

Table 4.5 Mean ARs (SDs) and RTs (SDs) in 4 Conditions in Experiment 1 (by Items)/81

Table 5.1 Sample Items of Experiments 2 and 3/93

Table 5.2 Critical Items (Targets) of Experiment 3/98

Table 5.3 Means of Frequency Rankings, Number of Strokes and Transparency for Target Items in Experiment 3/99

Table 5.4 Means of Frequency Rankings/Frequency and Number of Strokes/Letters for Primes in Experiments 2 & 3/99

Table 5.5 Mean ARs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 2/104

Table 5.6 Mean RTs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 2 (by Subjects)/107

Table 5.7 Means RTs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 2 (by Items)/108

Table 5.8 Mean ARs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 3/111

Table 5.9 Mean RTs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 3 (by Subjects)/112

Table 5.10 Means RTs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 3(by Items)/112

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 The Representation of Compound Words in the Decomposition (a), Fullª²listing (b), and Dual-route (c) Models/26

Figure 2.2 The Processing of Morphologically Complex Words in the Early Decomposition (a), Full-listing (b), Parallel Dual-route(MRM) (c) and AAM (d) Models/28

Figure 3.1 The Representation of Transparent and Opaque Compound Words at Three Levels (Adapted from Libben, 1998)/45

Figure 3.2 The Bilingual Lexicon in Word Association Model (a), Concept Mediation Model (b), and Revised Hierarchical Model (c) (Cheng et al., 2011)/54

Figure 5.1 Sequence of a Trial in Experiment 2/102

Figure 5.2 Sequence of a Trial in Experiment 3/103

Figure 5.3 Accuracy Rates through the Course of Processing in Experiment 2/105

Figure 5.4 Response Time in the Transparent (Left) and Opaque (Right) Conditions through the Course of Processing in Experiment 2/109