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Chapter 1 Introduction 001
1£®1 Background 002
1£®2 Motivation 004
1£®3 Outline 007
Chapter 2 Study of the filtration performance of multi-fiber filters 009
2£®1 Introduction 011
2£®2 Model of multi-fiber filters 014
2£®2£®1 Geometric model and simulation method of multi-fiber filters 014
2£®2£®2 Model validation 016
2£®3 Filtration efficiency and its optimization 020
2£®3£®1 Comparison of filtration performance between parallel and
staggered designs 020
2£®3£®2 Filtration efficiency at different face velocities and particle
diameters 022
2£®3£®3 Filtration performance of layered filters with the same total SVF 024
2£®3£®4 Optimization of pressure drop and filtration efficiency 025
2£®4 Conclusion 028
References 030
Chapter 3 Study of particle rebound and deposition on fiber surface 034
3£®1 Introduction 036
3£®2 Models of flow field and particle movement 041
3£®2£®1 Flow field and particle movement 041
3£®2£®2 Particle rebound model 044
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3£®3 Particle transport and deposition 048
3£®3£®1 Effect of particle rebounds on particle deposition 048
3£®3£®2 Effects of face velocity on particle deposition 050
3£®3£®3 Effects of particle diameter on particle deposition 052
3£®3£®4 Filtration efficiency of a single fiber 054
3£®4 Conclusion 057
References 059
Chapter 4 Investigation of the flow-field in the upper respiratory system
when wearing N95 FFR 064
4£®1 Introduction 066
4£®2 Modeling of full breathing cycles 068
4£®2£®1 Flow field reverse modeling 068
4£®2£®2 CFD simulation of a full breathing cycle 071
4£®3 Flow field of a full breathing cycle 074
4£®3£®1 Flow characteristics of a full breathing cycle 074
4£®3£®2 CO2 volume fraction 075
4£®3£®3 Temperature distribution inside FFR cavity 077
4£®3£®4 Pressure and wall shear stress inside upper respiratory airway 079
4£®4 Discussion 082
4£®5 Conclusion 085
References 086
Chapter 5 Investigation of water vapor condensation on the inner surface
of N95 FFR 089
5£®1 Introduction 091
5£®2 CFD modeling of water vapor condensation 093
5£®2£®1 Model of water vapor condensation 093
5£®2£®2 CFD-setup and boundary conditions of water vapor condensation 093
5£®3 Water vapor condensation on the inner surface of N95 FFR 097
5£®3£®1 Effects of different environmental temperatures 099
5£®3£®2 Effects of different breathing velocities 102
5£®3£®3 Effects of different breathing frequencies 104
5£®4 Discussion 108
5£®5 Conclusion 110
References 111
Chapter 6 Effect of vapor condensation on micro-climate in the deadspace
of N95 FFR 113
6£®1 Introduction 115
6£®2 CFD modeling of vapor condensation 117
6£®2£®1 Model of vapor condensation 117
6£®2£®2 CFD-setup and boundary conditions of vapor condensation 118
6£®2£®3 FFR performance and vapor condensation distribution 120
6£®3 Experiment of micro-climate inside N95 FFR 126
6£®3£®1 Experiment of temperature and relative humidity measuring
inside FFR 127
6£®3£®2 Experiment of bacteria accounting on the inner surface of FFR 129
6£®4 Conclusion 133
References 134
Chapter 7 Investigation of movement characteristics and respiratory
deposition of indoor cigarette particles 136
7£®1 Introduction 138
7£®2 Model of particle movement and respiratory deposition 141
7£®2£®1 Description of room£¬ human and particles system 141
7£®2£®2 CFD model of cigarette particles deposition 143
7£®2£®3 PM2£®5 measurement 146
7£®3 Flow field and cigarette particles deposition 147
7£®4 Conclusion 155
References 156
Chapter 8 An improved FFR design with a ventilation fan£º CFD simulation
and validation 159
8£®1 Introduction 161
8£®2 Improved FFR design and CFD simulation 163
8£®2£®1 Improved FFR design 163
8£®2£®2 Simulation method of flow field in FFR 164
8£®3 Performance of the ventilation fan and its effects 169
8£®3£®1 Flow characteristics of the ventilation fan 169
8£®3£®2 Effects of fan orientation 170
8£®3£®3 Experiment on temperature of headform and FFR 172
8£®4 Conclusion 177
References 178
Chapter 9 Design of the FFR with an intelligent control fan 181
9£®1 Introduction 183
9£®2 Improved FFR design 184
9£®3 Design of intelligent control system 186
9£®4 Test results of FFR performance 189
9£®5 Discussion 193
9£®6 Conclusion 194
References 195
Chapter 10 Study of contact characteristics between a respirator
and a headform 196
10£®1 Introduction 198
10£®2 Models and methods of contact characteristics between a
respirator and a headform 202
10£®2£®1 Geometric models of headform and respirator 202
10£®2£®2 Simulation methods of contact characteristics 205
10£®3 Contact characteristics between a respirator and a headform 208
10£®4 Conclusion 214
References 216
Chapter 11 The effects of facial expressions on respirators fit 218
11£®1 Introduction 220
11£®2 Models and methods of facial expressions 223
11£®2£®1 FE models of the headfrom and respirator 223
11£®2£®2 Simulation methods of facial expressions 225
11£®3 Effects of facial expressions on respirators fit 227
11£®4 Conclusion 234
References 236
Chapter 12 Customized design and 3D printing of face seal for an N95 FFR 238
12£®1 Introduction 240
12£®2 Design£¬ manufacture and test of customized face seals 242
12£®2£®1 3D laser scanning of human headform 243
12£®2£®2 Customized design of FFR face seal 243
12£®2£®3 3D printing of the FFR face seal 245
12£®2£®4 Experiment setup and procedures 245
12£®3 Contact characteristics between the FFR and headform 249
12£®4 Discussion 253
12£®5 Conclusion 255
References 256