Spacecraft Thermal Control Technologies

1 Introduction
1£®1 Mission of Spacecraft Thermal Control
1£®2 Demand for Thermal Control
1£®2£®1 Temperature Level
1£®2£®2 Temperature Uniformity and Stability
1£®2£®3 Wind Speed and Humidity
1£®3 Thermal Characteristics
1£®3£®1 Heat Source
1£®3£®2 Magnitude and Fluctuation of Heat Dissipation
1£®3£®3 Heat Flux
1£®3£®4 Thermal Capacity
1£®4 Main Constraints
1£®5 Main Technology of Thermal Control
1£®6 Main Tasks
References

2 Space Environment
2£®1 Overview
2£®2 Environment at Launching Phase
2£®3 Earth Orbital Space Environment
2£®3£®1 Earth Orbital Thermal Environment
2£®3£®2 Other Earth Orbit Space Environment
2£®4 Moon and Planetary Space Environment
2£®4£®1 Lunar Environment
2£®4£®2 Mercury Environment
2£®4£®3 Venus Environment
2£®4£®4 Mars Environment
2£®5 Thermal Environment at Re-entry or Entry Phase
2£®6 Inductive Environment
2£®6£®1 Inductive Environment Caused by Engine Operation
2£®6£®2 Inductive Environment for Spinning Spacecraft or Equipment
References

3 Design of Spacecraft Thermal Control Subsystem
3£®1 Overview
3£®2 Mission Characteristics
3£®2£®1 Ground Phase
3£®2£®2 Launch and Ascent Phase
3£®2£®3 Orbiting Phase
3£®2£®4 Reentry or Entry Phase
3£®2£®5 Landing Phase
3£®3 Basic Principles of Thermal Control Design
3£®4 Design Method of Thermal Control System
3£®4£®1 Thermal Control Design Requirements and Conditions
3£®4£®2 Selection of Thermal Design Cases
3£®4£®3 Selection of System Design Methods
3£®4£®4 Selection of Thermal Control Technologies
3£®5 Thermal Control Design Stages and Key Points
3£®5£®1 Concept Phase
3£®5£®2 Initial Prototype Phase
3£®5£®3 Formal Prototype Phase
3£®5£®4 Operation Improvement Phase
References

4 Typical Thermal Control Technologies for Spacecraft
4£®1 Overview
4£®2 Heat Transfer Technology
4£®2£®1 Introduction
4£®2£®2 Thermal Conductive Materials
4£®2£®3 Heat Pipe
4£®2£®4 Thermal Interface Fillers
4£®2£®5 Thermal Control Coating
4£®2£®6 Fluid Loop
4£®2£®7 Convection Ventilation Device
4£®2£®8 Radiator
4£®2£®9 Consumable Heat Dissipating Device
4£®2£®10 Phase Change Material £¨PCM£© Device
4£®2£®11 Thermal Switch
4£®3 Thermal Insulation Technology
4£®3£®1 Introduction
4£®3£®2 Radiation Insulation
4£®3£®3 Thermal Insulation of Heat Conductance
4£®3£®4 Thermal Insulation Under Gaseous Environment
4£®4 Heating Technology
4£®4£®1 Introduction
4£®4£®2 Electrical Heating
4£®4£®3 Radioisotope Heating Technology
4£®5 Temperature Measurement and Control Technology
4£®5£®1 Introduction
4£®5£®2 Thermometry Technology
4£®5£®3 Temperature Control Technology
References

5 Typical Thermal Control Design Cases of Spacecraft
5£®1 Overview
5£®2 Design Cases of Spacecraft Thermal Control System
5£®2£®1 Thermal Control System Design of Remote Sensing Satellite
5£®2£®2 Thermal Control Design of Communication Satellite
5£®2£®3 Thermal Control System Design of Lunar Probe
5£®2£®4 Thermal Control System Design of Manned Spacecraft
5£®3 Thermal Design Cases of Spacecraft Assembly
5£®3£®1 Thermal Design of Propulsion System
5£®3£®2 Thermal Design of Battery
5£®3£®3 Thermal Design of Electrical Equipment
5£®3£®4 Thermal Design of Camera
5£®3£®5 Thermal Design of Antenna
5£®3£®6 Thermal Design of Drive Mechanism

6 Thermal Analysis Technology
6£®1 Overview
6£®2 Space Energy Conservation Equation
6£®2£®1 Thermal Network Equation
6£®2£®2 Computational Domain and Boundary Conditions
6£®2£®3 Discretization
6£®2£®4 Thermal Model Construction and Solution Process
6£®3 External Heat Flux Analysis
6£®3£®1 Sun Position
6£®3£®2 Orbital Parameters
6£®3£®3 Thermal Environment Parameters
6£®3£®4 Staying on Celestial Body
6£®4 Radiation Computing
6£®4£®1 View Factor
6£®4£®2 Radiative Absorption Factor
6£®4£®3 Radiative Heat
6£®4£®4 Non-diffusive Radiation
6£®4£®5 Spatial Decomposition Method for Radiation Calculation
6£®4£®6 Residual Processing
6£®5 Simulation of Specific Problems
6£®5£®1 Flow and Heat Transfer in Pressurized Cabin
6£®5£®2 Flow and Heat Transfer in Ducts
6£®5£®3 Heat Transfer of Heat Pipe
6£®5£®4 Low Pressure Gas Heat Conduction
6£®5£®5 Thermal Behavior of Solid-Liquid Phase Change
6£®5£®6 Thermal Behavior of Semiconductor Cooling
6£®5£®7 Junction-Case Heat Transfer of Electronic Components
6£®6 Equivalent Transformation of Radiation Term of Thermal Network
6£®6£®1 Equivalent Heating
6£®6£®2 Equivalent Heat Sink
6£®7 Thermal Model Correlation
6£®7£®1 Basic Knowledge of Thermal Model Correlation
6£®7£®2 Parameter Analysis
6£®7£®3 Correlation Method
References

7 Spacecraft Thermal Testing
7£®1 Overview
7£®2 Simulation Methods for Space Thermal Environment
7£®2£®1 Vacuum
7£®2£®2 Cold and Dark Background
7£®2£®3 Orbital Heat Flux
7£®3 Environmental Heat Flux Simulator and Heat Flux Measurement
7£®3£®1 Environmental Heat Flux Simulator
7£®3£®2 Environmental Heat Flux Measurement
7£®4 Thermal Balance Test
7£®4£®1 Thermal Test Model
7£®4£®2 Determination of Test Cases
7£®4£®3 Test Process and Method
7£®5 Atmospheric Thermal Test
7£®6 Low-Pressure Test
7£®6£®1 Overview
7£®6£®2 Selection of Test Gas
7£®6£®3 Gas Temperature Simulation
7£®6£®4 Flow Field Simulation
7£®6£®5 Measurement