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INTRODUCTION 6 BASIC TERMS Money and income 8 A Currency B Personal finance Business finance 10 A Capital B Revenue C Financial statements ACCOUNTING Accounting and accountancy 12 A Accounting B Auditing C Laws, rules and standards Bookkeeping 14 A Double-entry bookkeeping B Day books and ledgers C Balancing the books Company law 1 16 A Partnerships B Limited liability C Founding companies Company law 2 18 A Private and public companies B AGMs Accounting policies and standards 20 A Valuation and measurement B Historical cost and inflation accounting Accounting assumptions and principles 22 A Assumptions B Principles Depreciation and amortization 24 A Fixed assets B Valuation C Depreciation systems Auditing 26 A Internal auditing B External auditing C Irregularities The balance sheet 1 28 A Assets, liabilities and capital B Shareholders’ equity The balance sheet 2: assets 30 A Fixed and current assets B Valuation C Tangible and intangible assets The balance sheet 3: liabilities 32 A Liabilities B Accrued expenses C Shareholders’ equity on the balance sheet The other financial statements 34 A The profit and loss account B The cash flow statement Financial ratios 1 36 A Types of financial ratio B Liquidity and solvency ratios C Earnings and dividends Financial ratios 2 38 A Profitability B Leverage Cost accounting 40 A Direct and indirect costs B Fixed and variable costs C Breakeven analysis Pricing 42 A Manufacturers’ pricing strategies B Retail pricing strategies 18 BANKING Personal banking 44 A Current accounts B Banking products and services C E-banking Commercial and retail banking 46 A Commercial and retail banks B Credit C Loans and risks Financial institutions 48 A Types of financial institution B Deregulation C Specialized banks Investment banking 50 A Raising capital B Mergers and acquisitions C Consulting and research Central banking 52 A The functions of central banks B The central bank and the commercial banks C Central banks and exchange rates Interest rates 54 A Interest rates and monetary policy B Different interest rates Money markets 56 A The money markets B Common money market instruments C Repos Islamic banking 58 A Interest-free banking B Types of accounts C Leasing and short-term loans Money supply and control 60 A Measuring money B Changing the money supply C Monetarism CORPORATE FINANCE Venture capital 62 A Raising capital B Return on capital Stocks and shares 1 64 A Stocks, shares and equities B Going public C Ordinary and preference shares Stocks and shares 2 66 A Buying and selling shares B New share issues C Categories of stocks and shares Shareholders 68 A Investors B Dividends and capital gains C Speculators Share prices 70 A Influences on share prices B Predicting prices C Types of risks Bonds 72 A Government and corporate bonds B Prices and yields C Other types of bonds Futures 74 A Commodity futures B Financial futures Derivatives 76 A Options B In-the-money and out-of-the-money C Warrants and swaps Asset management 78 A Allocating and diversifying assets B Types of investor C Active and passive investment Hedge funds and structured products 80 A Hedge funds B Leverage, short-selling and arbitrage C Structured products Describing charts and graphs 82 A Increase and decrease B Rate of change C High points, low points, and staying the same Mergers and takeovers 84 A Mergers, takeovers and joint ventures B Hostile or friendly? C Integration Leveraged buyouts 86 A Conglomerates B Raiders Financial planning 88 A Financing new investments B Discounted cash flows C Comparing investment returns Financial regulation and supervision 90 A Government regulation B Internal controls C Sarbanes-Oxley ECONOMICS AND TRADE International trade 92 A Trade B Balance of payments C Protectionism Exchange rates 94 A Why exchange rates change B Fixed and floating rates C Government intervention Financing international trade 96 A Documentary credits B Bills of exchange C Export documents Incoterms 98 A Transport and additional costs B The E and F terms C The C and D terms 46 Insurance 100 A Insuring against risks B Life insurance and saving C Insurance companies The business cycle 102 A Expansion and contraction B Fiscal policy C Monetary policy Taxation 104 A Direct taxes B Indirect taxes C Non-payment of tax Business plans 106 A Market opportunities B The company, the product and the market C The financial analysis Language reference 108 Market idioms Numbers Word stress British and American vocabulary Answer key 114 Index 132 Acknowledgements 140