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优选电子封装技术与关键材料丛书LED封装与应用中的自由曲面光学技术/先进电子封装技术与关键材料丛书 版权信息
- ISBN：9787122334978
- 条形码：9787122334978 ; 978-7-122-33497-8
- 装帧：精装
- 册数：暂无
- 重量：暂无
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优选电子封装技术与关键材料丛书LED封装与应用中的自由曲面光学技术/先进电子封装技术与关键材料丛书 本书特色
自由曲面光学是一新兴的LED照明光学技术，其优势在于具有较高的设计自由度和精确的光能量分布控制，能够提供一个实现高品质LED照明的有效的光学设计方法。
本书系统地介绍了一系列面向LED封装与应用的自由曲面光学算法与设计方法，包括各类圆对称自由曲面透镜、非圆对称自由曲面透镜、自由曲面透镜阵列优化等。同时，也包括了LED照明中各种先进的自由曲面光学设计应用与案例分析，包括光型可控的应用导向型LED封装、LED室内照明、LED道路照明、LED直下式背光、LED汽车前大灯、LED微投影仪、高空间颜色均匀度自由曲面透镜等。并且，在附录中提供基本的自由曲面光学算法计算代码供读者参阅。本书中所介绍的大部分LED自由曲面光学算法和设计都得到了工业界的验证，在具有学术价值外，同时也具有较高实用指导价值。
自由曲面光学是一新兴的LED照明光学技术，其优势在于具有较高的设计自由度和精确的光能量分布控制，能够提供一个实现高品质LED照明的有效的光学设计方法。
本书系统地介绍了一系列面向LED封装与应用的自由曲面光学算法与设计方法，包括各类圆对称自由曲面透镜、非圆对称自由曲面透镜、自由曲面透镜阵列优化等。同时，也包括了LED照明中各种先进的自由曲面光学设计应用与案例分析，包括光型可控的应用导向型LED封装、LED室内照明、LED道路照明、LED直下式背光、LED汽车前大灯、LED微投影仪、高空间颜色均匀度自由曲面透镜等。并且，在附录中提供基本的自由曲面光学算法计算代码供读者参阅。本书中所介绍的大部分LED自由曲面光学算法和设计都得到了工业界的验证，在具有学术价值外，同时也具有较高实用指导价值。
通过本书，读者将对各种LED封装与应用中的自由曲面光学技术有一个全面而深入的理解。同时，读者还可以系统地学习到详细的自由曲面光学算法与设计方法，便于提高独自开发先进LED照明光学设计的能力。本书有利于加快LED封装与应用的研发速度。此外，通过开放的算法代码与案例分析，读者将能够更快更高效地掌握LED照明自由曲面光学的设计方法。
本书可供从事LED照明的研究人员、工程师、高校的研究生以及高年级的本科生参考。
优选电子封装技术与关键材料丛书LED封装与应用中的自由曲面光学技术/先进电子封装技术与关键材料丛书 内容简介
自由曲面光学是一新兴的LED照明光学技术，其优势在于具有较高的设计自由度和准确的光能量分布控制，能够提供一个实现高品质LED照明的有效的光学设计方法。本书系统地介绍了一系列面向LED封装与应用的自由曲面光学算法与设计方法，包括各类圆对称自由曲面透镜、非圆对称自由曲面透镜、自由曲面透镜阵列优化等。同时，也包括了LED照明中各种优选的自由曲面光学设计应用与案例分析，包括光型可控的应用导向型LED封装、LED室内照明、LED道路照明、LED直下式背光、LED汽车前大灯、LED微投影仪、高空间颜色均匀度自由曲面透镜等。并且，在附录中提供基本的自由曲面光学算法计算代码供读者参阅。本书中所介绍的大部分LED自由曲面光学算法和设计都得到了工业界的验证，在具有学术价值外，同时也具有较高实用指导价值。通过本书，读者将对各种LED封装与应用中的自由曲面光学技术有一个全面而深入的理解。同时，读者还可以系统地学习到详细的自由曲面光学算法与设计方法，便于提高独自开发优选LED照明光学设计的能力。本书有利于加快LED封装与应用的研发速度。此外，通过开放的算法代码与案例分析，读者将能够更快更高效地掌握LED照明自由曲面光学的设计方法。本书可供从事LED照明的研究人员、工程师、高校的研究生以及高年级的本科生参考。
优选电子封装技术与关键材料丛书LED封装与应用中的自由曲面光学技术/先进电子封装技术与关键材料丛书 目录
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of LED Lighting 1
1.2 Development Trends of LED Packaging and Applications 5
1.3 Three Key Issues of Optical Design of LED Lighting 7
1.3.1 System Luminous Efficiency 7
1.3.2 Controllable Light Pattern 7
1.3.3 Spatial Color Uniformity 8
1.4 Introduction of Freeform Optics 10
References 12
2 Review of Main Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Tailored Design Method 16
2.3 SMS Design Method 17
2.4 Light Energy Mapping Design Method 18
2.5 Generalized Functional Design Method 19
2.6 Design Method for Uniform Illumination with Multiple Sources 22
References 22
3 Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Circularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens–Point Source 25
3.2.1 Freeform Lens for Large Emitting Angles 26
3.2.1.1 Step 1. Establish a Light Energy Mapping Relationship between the Light Source and Target 27
3.2.1.2 Step 2. Construct a Freeform Lens 31
3.2.1.3 Step 3. Validation and Optimization 33
3.2.2 TIR-Freeform Lens for Small Emitting Angle 33
3.2.3 Circularly Symmetrical Double Surfaces Freeform Lens 39
3.3 Circularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens – Extended Source 42
3.3.1 Step 1. Construction of a Point Source Freeform Lens 45
3.3.2 Step 2. Calculation of Feedback Optimization Ratios 45
3.3.3 Step 3. Grids Redivision of the Target Plane and Light Source 46
3.3.4 Step 4. Rebuild the Energy Relationship between the Light Source and Target Plane 46
3.3.5 Step 5. Construction of a Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 47
3.3.6 Step 6. Ray-Tracing Simulation and Feedback Reversing Optimization 47
3.4 Noncircularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens–Point Source 48
3.4.1 Discontinuous Freeform Lens Algorithm 49
3.4.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of a Light Energy Mapping Relationship 49
3.4.1.2 Step 2. Construction of the Lens 52
3.4.1.3 Step 3. Validation of Lens Design 55
3.4.2 Continuous Freeform Lens Algorithm 55
3.4.2.1 Radiate Grid Light Energy Mapping 57
3.4.2.2 Rectangular Grid Light Energy Mapping 58
3.5 Noncircularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens–Extended Source 60
3.5.1 Step 1. Establishment of the Light Energy Mapping Relationship 61
3.5.2 Step 2. Construction of a Freeform Lens 61
3.5.3 Step 3. Validation of Lens Design 62
3.6 Reversing the Design Method for Uniform Illumination of LED Arrays 63
3.6.1 Reversing the Design Method of LIDC for Uniform Illumination 64
3.6.2 Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for the Required LIDC 66
References 68
4 Application-Specific LED Package Integrated with a Freeform Lens 71
4.1 Application-Specific LED Package (ASLP) Design Concept 71
4.2 ASLP Single Module 72
4.2.1 Design Method of a Compact Freeform Lens 72
4.2.2 Design of the ASLP Module 73
4.2.2.1 Optical Modeling 73
4.2.2.2 Design of a Compact Freeform Lens 73
4.2.2.3 ASLP Module 74
4.2.3 Numerical Analyses and Tolerance Analyses 76
4.2.3.1 Numerical Simulation and Analyses 76
4.2.3.2 Tolerance Analyses 77
4.2.3.3 Experiments 81
4.3 ASLP Array Module 85
4.4 ASLP System Integrated with Multiple Functions 87
4.4.1 Optical Design 89
4.4.1.1 Problem Statement 89
4.4.1.2 Optical Modeling 89
4.4.1.3 Design of a Freeform Lens 90
4.4.1.4 Simulation of Lighting Performance 91
4.4.2 Thermal Management 91
4.4.3 ASLP Module 94
References 96
5 Freeform Optics for LED Indoor Lighting 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 A Large-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small LED Source 99
5.2.1 A Freeform Lens for a Philip Lumileds K2 LED 100
5.2.2 Freeform Lens for a CREE XLamp XR-E LED 103
5.3 A Large-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with an Extended Source 108
5.3.1 Target Plane Grids Optimization 108
5.3.2 Light Source Grids Optimization 108
5.3.3 Target Plane and Light Source Grids Coupling Optimization 109
5.4 A Small-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small LED Source 110
5.5 A Double-Surface Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination 113
5.5.1 Design Example 1 114
5.5.2 Design Example 2 115
5.5.3 Design Example 3 116
5.6 A Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination of an LED High Bay Lamp Array 117
5.6.1 Design Concept 117
5.6.2 Design Case 118
5.6.2.1 Algorithms and Design Procedure 118
5.6.2.2 Optical Structures 119
5.6.2.3 Monte Carlo Optical Simulation 121
References 124
6 Freeform Optics for LED Road Lighting 125
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 The Optical Design Concept of LED Road Lighting 126
6.2.1 Illuminance 127
6.2.2 Luminance 128
6.2.3 Glare RestrictionThreshold Increment 129
6.2.4 Surrounding Ratio 130
6.3 Discontinuous Freeform Lenses (DFLs) for LED Road Lighting 131
6.3.1 Design of DFLs for Rectangular Radiation Patterns 131
6.3.1.1 Step 1. Optical Modeling for an LED 131
6.3.1.2 Step 2. Freeform Lens Design 133
6.3.2 Simulation Illumination Performance and Tolerance Analyses 134
6.3.3 Experimental Analyses 139
6.3.4 Effects of Manufacturing Defects on the Lighting Performance 139
6.3.4.1 Surface Morphology 144
6.3.4.2 Optical Performance Testing 146
6.3.4.3 Analysis and Discussion 150
6.3.5 Case Study–LED Road Lamps Based on DFLs 152
6.4 Continuous Freeform Lens (CFL) for LED Road Lighting 154
6.4.1 CFL Based on the Radiate Grid MappingMethod 154
6.4.2 CFL Based on the Rectangular Grid MappingMethod 154
6.4.3 Spatial Color Uniformity Analyses of a Continuous Freeform Lens 158
6.5 Freeform Lens for an LED Road Lamp with Uniform Luminance 164
6.5.1 Problem Statement 164
6.5.2 Combined Design Method for Uniform Luminance in Road Lighting 166
6.5.3 Freeform Lens Design Method for Uniform-Luminance Road Lighting 171
6.6 Asymmetrical CFLs with a High Light Energy Utilization Ratio 174
6.7 Modularized LED Road Lamp Based on Freeform Optics 178
References 178
7 Freeform Optics for a Direct-Lit LED Backlighting Unit 181
7.1 Introduction 181
7.2 Optical Design Concept of a Direct-Lit LED BLU 183
7.3 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with a Large DHR 186
7.4 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with an Extended Source 191
7.4.1 Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination with an Extended Source 194
7.4.2 Design Method of a Freeform Lens for Extended Source Uniform Illumination 195
7.4.2.1 Step 1. Calculation of FORs 196
7.4.2.2 Step 2. Energy Grids Division for an Extended Source 197
7.4.2.3 Step 3. Construction of a Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 198
7.4.2.4 Step 4. Ray-Tracing Simulation and Circulation Feedback Optimization 198
7.4.3 Freeform Lenses for Direct-Lit BLUs with an Extended Source 198
7.5 Petal-Shaped Freeform Optics for High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 203
7.5.1 Optical Co-design from the System Level of BLUs 203
7.5.2 Optimization of a High-Efficiency LIDC for BEFs 203
7.5.3 Petal-Shaped Freeform Lenses, and ASLPs for High-Efficiency BLUs 206
7.6 BEF-Adaptive Freeform Optics for High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 210
7.6.1 Design Concept and Method 210
7.6.1.1 Step 1. Finding Out the Best Incident Angle Range 211
7.6.1.2 Step 2. Redistribution of Original Output LIDC 212
7.6.1.3 Step 3. Construction of a BEF-Adaptive Lens 213
7.6.2 BEF-Adaptive Lens Design Case 213
7.6.2.1 Basic Setup of a BLU 213
7.6.2.2 Design Results and Optical Validation 214
7.7 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with Large DHR, Extended Source and Near Field 219
7.7.1 Design Method 220
7.7.1.1 IDF of Single Extended Source 220
7.7.1.2 IDF of Freeform Lens 221
7.7.1.3 Construction of Freeform Lens 222
7.7.1.4 Ray Tracing Simulation and Verification 223
7.7.2 Design Example 223
References 228
8 Freeform Optics for LED Automotive Headlamps 231
8.1 Introduction 231
8.2 Optical Regulations of Low-Beam and High-Beam Light 231
8.2.1 Low-Beam 231
8.2.2 High-Beam 232
8.2.3 Color Range 232
8.3 Application-Specific LED Packaging for Headlamps 234
8.3.1 Small étendue 234
8.3.2 High Luminance 235
8.3.3 Strip Shape Emitter with a Sharp Cutoff 236
8.3.4 Small Thermal Resistance of Packaging 236
8.3.5 ASLP Design Case 236
8.3.6 Types of LED Packaging Modules for Headlamps 238
8.4 Freeform Lens for High-Efficiency LED Headlamps 239
8.4.1 Introduction 239
8.4.2 Freeform Lens Design Methods 239
8.4.2.1 Design of Collection Optics 240
8.4.2.2 Design of Refraction Optics 241
8.4.3 Design Case of a Freeform Lens for Low-Beam and High-Beam 243
8.4.3.1 Design of a Low-Beam Lens 244
8.4.3.2 Design of a High-Beam Lens 246
8.4.4 Design Case of a Freeform Lens for a Low-Beam Headlamp Module 249
8.5 Freeform Optics Integrated PES for an LED Headlamp 250
8.6 Freeform Optics Integrated MR for an LED Headlamp 255
8.7 LED Headlamps Based on Both PES and MR Reflectors 260
8.8 LED Module Integrated with Low-Beam and High-Beam 263
References 266
9 Freeform Optics for Emerging LED Applications 269
9.1 Introduction 269
9.2 Total Internal Reflection (TIR)-Freeform Lens for an LED Pico-Projector 269
9.2.1 Introduction 269
9.2.2 Problem Statement 271
9.2.2.1 Defect of a Refracting Freeform Surface for Illumination with a Small Output Angle 271
9.2.2.2 Problem of an Extended Light Source 272
9.2.3 Integral Freeform Illumination Lens Design Based on an LED’s Light Source 273
9.2.3.1 Freeform TIR Lens Design 273
9.2.3.2 Top Surface Design of the TIR Lens 273
9.2.4 Optimization of the Integral Freeform Illumination Lens 279
9.2.5 Tolerance analysis 280
9.2.6 LED Pico-Projector Based on the Designed Freeform Lens 281
9.3 Freeform Lens Array Optical System for an LED Stage Light 283
9.3.1 Design of a One-Dimensional Beam Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 285
9.3.1.1 Part 1. Gridding of the One-Dimensional Target Plane 285
9.3.1.2 Part 2. Algorithm of a One-Dimensional Freeform Microstructure 285
9.3.1.3 Part 3. Optical Simulation Results of the Optical System 287
9.3.2 Design of a Rectangular Beam Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 287
9.3.2.1 Part 1. Algorithm of the Rectangular Freeform Structure 288
9.3.2.2 Part 2. Optical Simulation Results of the Optical System 291
9.4 Freeform Optics for a LED Airport Taxiway Light 291
9.4.1 Introduction 290
9.4.2 Requirement Statement 291
9.4.3 Design Method of an Optical System 291
9.4.4 Simulation and Optimization 293
9.4.5 Tolerance Analysis 294
9.4.6 Design of an LED Taxiway Centerline Lamp 295
9.5 Freeform Optics for LED Searchlights 297
9.5.1 Introduction 297
9.5.2 Freeform Lens Design of a Small Divergence Angle 298
9.5.3 Improving Methods and Tolerance Analysis 301
9.5.3.1 The Design of a Freeform Lens and Parabolic Reflector 301
9.5.3.2 Tolerance Analysis 304
References 305
10 Freeform Optics for LED Lighting with High Spatial Color Uniformity 307
10.1 Introduction 307
10.2 Optical Design Concept 308
10.3 Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with a High SCU 309
10.3.1 Optical Design, Molding, and Simulation 309
10.3.2 Tolerance Analyses 312
10.3.3 Secondary Freeform Lens for a High SCU 313
10.3.4 Experimental Analyses 314
10.4 TIR-Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with a High SCU 323
10.4.1 Introduction 323
10.4.2 Design Principle for a High SCU 325
10.4.3 Design Method of the Modified TIR-Freeform Lens 325
10.4.4 Optimization Results and Discussions 328
References 332
Appendix: Codes of Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 335
Index 351
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of LED Lighting 1
1.2 Development Trends of LED Packaging and Applications 5
1.3 Three Key Issues of Optical Design of LED Lighting 7
1.3.1 System Luminous Efficiency 7
1.3.2 Controllable Light Pattern 7
1.3.3 Spatial Color Uniformity 8
1.4 Introduction of Freeform Optics 10
References 12
2 Review of Main Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Tailored Design Method 16
2.3 SMS Design Method 17
2.4 Light Energy Mapping Design Method 18
2.5 Generalized Functional Design Method 19
2.6 Design Method for Uniform Illumination with Multiple Sources 22
References 22
3 Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Circularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens–Point Source 25
3.2.1 Freeform Lens for Large Emitting Angles 26
3.2.1.1 Step 1. Establish a Light Energy Mapping Relationship between the Light Source and Target 27
3.2.1.2 Step 2. Construct a Freeform Lens 31
3.2.1.3 Step 3. Validation and Optimization 33
3.2.2 TIR-Freeform Lens for Small Emitting Angle 33
3.2.3 Circularly Symmetrical Double Surfaces Freeform Lens 39
3.3 Circularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens – Extended Source 42
3.3.1 Step 1. Construction of a Point Source Freeform Lens 45
3.3.2 Step 2. Calculation of Feedback Optimization Ratios 45
3.3.3 Step 3. Grids Redivision of the Target Plane and Light Source 46
3.3.4 Step 4. Rebuild the Energy Relationship between the Light Source and Target Plane 46
3.3.5 Step 5. Construction of a Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 47
3.3.6 Step 6. Ray-Tracing Simulation and Feedback Reversing Optimization 47
3.4 Noncircularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens–Point Source 48
3.4.1 Discontinuous Freeform Lens Algorithm 49
3.4.1.1 Step 1. Establishment of a Light Energy Mapping Relationship 49
3.4.1.2 Step 2. Construction of the Lens 52
3.4.1.3 Step 3. Validation of Lens Design 55
3.4.2 Continuous Freeform Lens Algorithm 55
3.4.2.1 Radiate Grid Light Energy Mapping 57
3.4.2.2 Rectangular Grid Light Energy Mapping 58
3.5 Noncircularly Symmetrical Freeform Lens–Extended Source 60
3.5.1 Step 1. Establishment of the Light Energy Mapping Relationship 61
3.5.2 Step 2. Construction of a Freeform Lens 61
3.5.3 Step 3. Validation of Lens Design 62
3.6 Reversing the Design Method for Uniform Illumination of LED Arrays 63
3.6.1 Reversing the Design Method of LIDC for Uniform Illumination 64
3.6.2 Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for the Required LIDC 66
References 68
4 Application-Specific LED Package Integrated with a Freeform Lens 71
4.1 Application-Specific LED Package (ASLP) Design Concept 71
4.2 ASLP Single Module 72
4.2.1 Design Method of a Compact Freeform Lens 72
4.2.2 Design of the ASLP Module 73
4.2.2.1 Optical Modeling 73
4.2.2.2 Design of a Compact Freeform Lens 73
4.2.2.3 ASLP Module 74
4.2.3 Numerical Analyses and Tolerance Analyses 76
4.2.3.1 Numerical Simulation and Analyses 76
4.2.3.2 Tolerance Analyses 77
4.2.3.3 Experiments 81
4.3 ASLP Array Module 85
4.4 ASLP System Integrated with Multiple Functions 87
4.4.1 Optical Design 89
4.4.1.1 Problem Statement 89
4.4.1.2 Optical Modeling 89
4.4.1.3 Design of a Freeform Lens 90
4.4.1.4 Simulation of Lighting Performance 91
4.4.2 Thermal Management 91
4.4.3 ASLP Module 94
References 96
5 Freeform Optics for LED Indoor Lighting 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 A Large-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small LED Source 99
5.2.1 A Freeform Lens for a Philip Lumileds K2 LED 100
5.2.2 Freeform Lens for a CREE XLamp XR-E LED 103
5.3 A Large-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with an Extended Source 108
5.3.1 Target Plane Grids Optimization 108
5.3.2 Light Source Grids Optimization 108
5.3.3 Target Plane and Light Source Grids Coupling Optimization 109
5.4 A Small-Emitting-Angle Freeform Lens with a Small LED Source 110
5.5 A Double-Surface Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination 113
5.5.1 Design Example 1 114
5.5.2 Design Example 2 115
5.5.3 Design Example 3 116
5.6 A Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination of an LED High Bay Lamp Array 117
5.6.1 Design Concept 117
5.6.2 Design Case 118
5.6.2.1 Algorithms and Design Procedure 118
5.6.2.2 Optical Structures 119
5.6.2.3 Monte Carlo Optical Simulation 121
References 124
6 Freeform Optics for LED Road Lighting 125
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 The Optical Design Concept of LED Road Lighting 126
6.2.1 Illuminance 127
6.2.2 Luminance 128
6.2.3 Glare RestrictionThreshold Increment 129
6.2.4 Surrounding Ratio 130
6.3 Discontinuous Freeform Lenses (DFLs) for LED Road Lighting 131
6.3.1 Design of DFLs for Rectangular Radiation Patterns 131
6.3.1.1 Step 1. Optical Modeling for an LED 131
6.3.1.2 Step 2. Freeform Lens Design 133
6.3.2 Simulation Illumination Performance and Tolerance Analyses 134
6.3.3 Experimental Analyses 139
6.3.4 Effects of Manufacturing Defects on the Lighting Performance 139
6.3.4.1 Surface Morphology 144
6.3.4.2 Optical Performance Testing 146
6.3.4.3 Analysis and Discussion 150
6.3.5 Case Study–LED Road Lamps Based on DFLs 152
6.4 Continuous Freeform Lens (CFL) for LED Road Lighting 154
6.4.1 CFL Based on the Radiate Grid MappingMethod 154
6.4.2 CFL Based on the Rectangular Grid MappingMethod 154
6.4.3 Spatial Color Uniformity Analyses of a Continuous Freeform Lens 158
6.5 Freeform Lens for an LED Road Lamp with Uniform Luminance 164
6.5.1 Problem Statement 164
6.5.2 Combined Design Method for Uniform Luminance in Road Lighting 166
6.5.3 Freeform Lens Design Method for Uniform-Luminance Road Lighting 171
6.6 Asymmetrical CFLs with a High Light Energy Utilization Ratio 174
6.7 Modularized LED Road Lamp Based on Freeform Optics 178
References 178
7 Freeform Optics for a Direct-Lit LED Backlighting Unit 181
7.1 Introduction 181
7.2 Optical Design Concept of a Direct-Lit LED BLU 183
7.3 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with a Large DHR 186
7.4 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with an Extended Source 191
7.4.1 Algorithm of a Freeform Lens for Uniform Illumination with an Extended Source 194
7.4.2 Design Method of a Freeform Lens for Extended Source Uniform Illumination 195
7.4.2.1 Step 1. Calculation of FORs 196
7.4.2.2 Step 2. Energy Grids Division for an Extended Source 197
7.4.2.3 Step 3. Construction of a Freeform Lens for an Extended Source 198
7.4.2.4 Step 4. Ray-Tracing Simulation and Circulation Feedback Optimization 198
7.4.3 Freeform Lenses for Direct-Lit BLUs with an Extended Source 198
7.5 Petal-Shaped Freeform Optics for High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 203
7.5.1 Optical Co-design from the System Level of BLUs 203
7.5.2 Optimization of a High-Efficiency LIDC for BEFs 203
7.5.3 Petal-Shaped Freeform Lenses, and ASLPs for High-Efficiency BLUs 206
7.6 BEF-Adaptive Freeform Optics for High-System-Efficiency LED BLUs 210
7.6.1 Design Concept and Method 210
7.6.1.1 Step 1. Finding Out the Best Incident Angle Range 211
7.6.1.2 Step 2. Redistribution of Original Output LIDC 212
7.6.1.3 Step 3. Construction of a BEF-Adaptive Lens 213
7.6.2 BEF-Adaptive Lens Design Case 213
7.6.2.1 Basic Setup of a BLU 213
7.6.2.2 Design Results and Optical Validation 214
7.7 Freeform Optics for Uniform Illumination with Large DHR, Extended Source and Near Field 219
7.7.1 Design Method 220
7.7.1.1 IDF of Single Extended Source 220
7.7.1.2 IDF of Freeform Lens 221
7.7.1.3 Construction of Freeform Lens 222
7.7.1.4 Ray Tracing Simulation and Verification 223
7.7.2 Design Example 223
References 228
8 Freeform Optics for LED Automotive Headlamps 231
8.1 Introduction 231
8.2 Optical Regulations of Low-Beam and High-Beam Light 231
8.2.1 Low-Beam 231
8.2.2 High-Beam 232
8.2.3 Color Range 232
8.3 Application-Specific LED Packaging for Headlamps 234
8.3.1 Small étendue 234
8.3.2 High Luminance 235
8.3.3 Strip Shape Emitter with a Sharp Cutoff 236
8.3.4 Small Thermal Resistance of Packaging 236
8.3.5 ASLP Design Case 236
8.3.6 Types of LED Packaging Modules for Headlamps 238
8.4 Freeform Lens for High-Efficiency LED Headlamps 239
8.4.1 Introduction 239
8.4.2 Freeform Lens Design Methods 239
8.4.2.1 Design of Collection Optics 240
8.4.2.2 Design of Refraction Optics 241
8.4.3 Design Case of a Freeform Lens for Low-Beam and High-Beam 243
8.4.3.1 Design of a Low-Beam Lens 244
8.4.3.2 Design of a High-Beam Lens 246
8.4.4 Design Case of a Freeform Lens for a Low-Beam Headlamp Module 249
8.5 Freeform Optics Integrated PES for an LED Headlamp 250
8.6 Freeform Optics Integrated MR for an LED Headlamp 255
8.7 LED Headlamps Based on Both PES and MR Reflectors 260
8.8 LED Module Integrated with Low-Beam and High-Beam 263
References 266
9 Freeform Optics for Emerging LED Applications 269
9.1 Introduction 269
9.2 Total Internal Reflection (TIR)-Freeform Lens for an LED Pico-Projector 269
9.2.1 Introduction 269
9.2.2 Problem Statement 271
9.2.2.1 Defect of a Refracting Freeform Surface for Illumination with a Small Output Angle 271
9.2.2.2 Problem of an Extended Light Source 272
9.2.3 Integral Freeform Illumination Lens Design Based on an LED’s Light Source 273
9.2.3.1 Freeform TIR Lens Design 273
9.2.3.2 Top Surface Design of the TIR Lens 273
9.2.4 Optimization of the Integral Freeform Illumination Lens 279
9.2.5 Tolerance analysis 280
9.2.6 LED Pico-Projector Based on the Designed Freeform Lens 281
9.3 Freeform Lens Array Optical System for an LED Stage Light 283
9.3.1 Design of a One-Dimensional Beam Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 285
9.3.1.1 Part 1. Gridding of the One-Dimensional Target Plane 285
9.3.1.2 Part 2. Algorithm of a One-Dimensional Freeform Microstructure 285
9.3.1.3 Part 3. Optical Simulation Results of the Optical System 287
9.3.2 Design of a Rectangular Beam Expander Based on a Freeform Lens Array 287
9.3.2.1 Part 1. Algorithm of the Rectangular Freeform Structure 288
9.3.2.2 Part 2. Optical Simulation Results of the Optical System 291
9.4 Freeform Optics for a LED Airport Taxiway Light 291
9.4.1 Introduction 290
9.4.2 Requirement Statement 291
9.4.3 Design Method of an Optical System 291
9.4.4 Simulation and Optimization 293
9.4.5 Tolerance Analysis 294
9.4.6 Design of an LED Taxiway Centerline Lamp 295
9.5 Freeform Optics for LED Searchlights 297
9.5.1 Introduction 297
9.5.2 Freeform Lens Design of a Small Divergence Angle 298
9.5.3 Improving Methods and Tolerance Analysis 301
9.5.3.1 The Design of a Freeform Lens and Parabolic Reflector 301
9.5.3.2 Tolerance Analysis 304
References 305
10 Freeform Optics for LED Lighting with High Spatial Color Uniformity 307
10.1 Introduction 307
10.2 Optical Design Concept 308
10.3 Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with a High SCU 309
10.3.1 Optical Design, Molding, and Simulation 309
10.3.2 Tolerance Analyses 312
10.3.3 Secondary Freeform Lens for a High SCU 313
10.3.4 Experimental Analyses 314
10.4 TIR-Freeform Lens Integrated LED Module with a High SCU 323
10.4.1 Introduction 323
10.4.2 Design Principle for a High SCU 325
10.4.3 Design Method of the Modified TIR-Freeform Lens 325
10.4.4 Optimization Results and Discussions 328
References 332
Appendix: Codes of Basic Algorithms of Freeform Optics for LED Lighting 335
Index 351
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优选电子封装技术与关键材料丛书LED封装与应用中的自由曲面光学技术/先进电子封装技术与关键材料丛书 作者简介
王恺，广东昭信光电科技有限公司，副总经理，工程师，王恺，2011年毕业于华中科技大学&武汉光电国家实验室，获工学博士学位，主要从事大功率LED先进封装与应用技术研究，包括基于自由曲面光学的应导向型封装ASLP、晶圆级封装WLP、系统集成封装SiP等。所研发的新型自由曲面光学算法以及应用导向型LED封装为高品质LED照明提供了一套有效的光学解决方案，在LED封装、背光、汽车前大灯、道路照明等领域得到成功应用，引起国际相关研究机构的关注（如Philips欧洲研究院、韩国LIFTRC研究中心等）。2009至2011年兼任广东昭信光电科技有限公司研发主管一职。2011年至今担任广东昭信光电科技有限公司副总经理，负责新型LED封装及特种照明应用产品的研发工作，包括高光效大功率LED（>150 lm/W）、高亮度车灯专用LED模组、低成本荧光粉保形涂覆技术、LED标准光组件等，具有将研究成果成功转化为产品并盈利的产业经验。
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