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Contents

µ¼ ¶Á ÅËÃùÍþ iii
Abbreviations xv
Series Editors’ note xviii
Acknowledgements xxiii

1¡¡Introduction 1
2¡¡Test-taker characteristics 20
3¡¡Cognitive validity 39
4¡¡Context validity 73
5¡¡Scoring validity 164
6¡¡Consequential validity 252
7¡¡Criterion-related validity 265
8¡¡Conclusions and recommendations 279

Appendices 298
Appendix A:¡¡Sample Writing tasks from Main Suite examinations 298
Appendix B:¡¡Candidate Information Sheet 312
Appendix C:¡¡Revised method of assessment for IELTS Writing 314
Appendix D:¡¡ Current Cambridge ESOL rating procedures and
marking models 315
Appendix E:¡¡ Standard procedures for the production of
Writing examination materials 325
Appendix F:¡¡ Minimum Professional Requirements for
examiners of ESOL Writing tests 331
Appendix G:¡¡ Computer-based (CB) exam versions: Issues and
directions 336
Appendix H:¡¡ Electronic Script Management in Cambridge ESOL:
Issues and directions 343
References 360
Subject index 383