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Chapter1 Aviation Safety 1
1 .1 Definition of Safety 1
1 .2 Safety Factors 1
1 .3 Modern Airplane Safety Dangers 3
1 .3 .1 Aircraft Accident Cause Factors 3
1 .3 .2 Unapproved Aircraft Parts 3
1 .4 Three Safety Protection Levels 5
1 .5 Improve Aircraft Safety 6
1 .6 Lessons Learned from Transport Airplane Accidents 7
1 .7 Airworthiness of Aircraft 8
1 .8 Synopsis 10
1 .9 Conclusion 10
Questions to Chapter 1 for Self-study 11
Chapter2 Certification Organizations 12
2.1 Historical Development of Aviation Safety Regulations 12
2.2 International Civil Aviation Organization 16
2.2.1 ICAO Responsibilities 17
2.2.2 ICAO Mechanisms 18
2.2.3 ICAO Objectives 19
2.2.4 General Remarks 19
2.2.5 ICAO Annexes 20
2.2.6 ICAO Organizational Structure 23
2.2.7 ICAO Regions and Regional Offices 25
2.2.8 ICAO Cooperation 26
2.3 National Aviation Authorities 26
2.3 .1 Tasks of Aviation Authorities 27
2.3 .2 Roles and Responsibilities of Parties 27
2.3 .3 Major National Aviation Authorities 28
2.4 Federal Aviation Administration 28
2.4.1 US Regulation History 29
2.4.2 FAA Activities 31
2.4.3 FAA Certification 35
2.4.4 FAA Organization 36
2.4.5 General Remarks 42
2.4.6 Regions and Aeronautical Center Operations 42
2.5 Joint Aviation Authorities 42
2.5 .1 JAA Objectives 43
2.5 .2 Publications History 43
2.5 .3 Transition from the JAA to the EASA 44
2.5 .4 General Remark 45
2.6 European Aviation Safety Agency 45
2.6 .1 EASA Objectives 47
2.6 .2 EASA Main Tasks 47
2.6 .3 EASA Partnerships 51
2.6 .4 Structure of the EASA 52
2.6 .5 EASA Certification 57
2.6 .6 Differences from JAA 60
2.6 .7 Cooperation with NAA 61
2.6 .8 General Remarks 65
2.7 Interstate Aviation Committee 66
2.7.1 IAC Members 66
2.7.2 IAC History 67
2.7.3 Financing 69
2.7.4 Organizational Structure 69
2.7.5 IAC Aviation Register 69
2.7.6 Certification of Aircraft and Operations 70
2.7.7 International Markets 71
2.7.8 Coordination of Air Transport Operations 72
2.7.9 Accident Investigation 72
2.7.10 Coordination of Airspace Use and Air Traffic Control 73
2.7.11 General Remarks 73
2.8 Civil Aviation Administration of China 73
2.8.1 Regional Administrations 74
2.8.2 Responsibilities of the CAAC 75
2.8.3 CAAC Work 77
2.9 Civil Aviation Department (China¡¯s Hong Kong) 77
2.10 Civil Aviation Authority (China¡¯s Macau) 78
2.11 Conclusion 79
· 2 · Aircraft Airworthiness Certification and Testing
Questions to Chapter 2 for Self-study 79
Chapter3 Aviation Regulations 81
3 .1 Aircraft Classification 82
3 .1 .1 Aircraft 82
3 .1 .2 Civil and Public Aircraft 83
3 .1 .3 Small/Large Airplanes 83
3 .1 .4 Categories and Design Characteristics 84
3 .1 .5 Components Classification 85
3 .2 Federal Aviation Regulations 85
3 .2.1 FAR Structure 86
3 .2.2 FAR for Certification Procedures 88
3 .2.3 FAR for Airworthiness 89
3 .2.4 FAR for Continued Airworthiness 95
3 .2.5 FAR for Aviation Employees 96
3 .2.6 Military Aircraft 96
3 .2.7 FAR Language 97
3 .3 Joint Aviation Requirements 97
3 .4 Certification Specifications 99
3 .4.1 Most CS Structure 99
3 .4.2 Certification Procedures¡ªCertification Specification Part 21 100
3 .4.3 Main CS Parts 101
3 .5 Structure of Aircraft Airworthiness Regulations 103
3 .6 General Remarks 104
3 .6 .1 Cost-benefit Analysis 105
3 .6 .2 Regulations Criteria 105
3 .7 Harmonization of Aviation Regulations 107
3 .7.1 Harmonization Importance 107
3 .7.2 Role of the ICAO 108
3 .7.3 Harmonization History 109
3 .7.4 Existing Harmonization Workload and Problems 110
3 .7.5 FAA or EASA, or a Third Type 111
3 .8 Conclusion 112
Questions to Chapter 3 for Self-study 113
Chapter4 Type Certification 115
4.1 How to Plan a Certification Project 115
4.2 Type Design 117
Contents · 3 ·
4.2.1 Type of an Aircraft 117
4.2.2 Type Design 118
4.3 Type Certificate 119
4.3 .1 Application for TC 120
4.3 .2 Type Certification Process 122
4.3 .3 Certification Basis 131
4.3 .4 Issue of Type Certificate 135
4.3 .5 Type Certificate Holder 137
4.3 .6 Summary of the Type Certification Process 139
4.4 Continued Airworthiness 140
4.5 Airworthiness Directives 142
4.6 Noise Certificate 146
4.6 .1 Noise Regulations 147
4.6 .2 Nature of Noise 148
4.6 .3 Noise Measurement Units 149
4.6 .4 Aircraft Noise Certification 150
4.7 Aircraft Emissions 151
4.8 Representatives of the Administrator 151
4.8.1 Aviation Safety Inspectors 152
4.8.2 Designees 152
4.9 Changes in Aircraft and Their Components 153
4.9 .1 Changes Classification 154
4.9 .2 Acoustical Change 157
4.9 .3 Changes Requiring a New Type Certificate 162
4.10 Supplemental Type Certificate 163
4.10.1 STC Certification Process 163
4.10.2 Issuance of an STC 164
4.10.3 STC Holder Responsibilities 165
4.10.4 Summary of an STC Process 165
4.11 Repairs to Approved Type Design 166
4.12 Aircraft Registration 168
Questions to Chapter 4 for Self-study 170
Chapter5 Airworthiness Certification 172
5 .1 General Remarks of Airworthiness Certificate 172
5 .2 Standard Airworthiness Certificate 174
5 .2.1 Certification Procedures 174
5 .2.2 Issuance of a Certificate of Airworthiness 178
· 4 · Aircraft Airworthiness Certification and Testing
5 .2.3 Status of the Certificate of Airworthiness 179
5 .3 Special Airworthiness Certificate 180
5 .3 .1 Categories 181
5 .3 .2 Certification Procedures 190
5 .4 Special Flight Permit 192
5 .5 Importing/Exporting an Aircraft 195
5 .5 .1 Exporting an Aircraft 196
5 .5 .2 Importing an Aircraft 198
5 .6 Production Certification 201
5 .6 .1 Production Certificate Holder 203
5 .6 .2 Certification Process 205
5 .7 Design Organization Approval 206
Questions to Chapter 5 for Self-study 207
References 209