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SECTION 1 PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMUS 1-1 Development of the Pituitary Cland 1-2 Divisions of the Pituitary Cland and Relationship to the Hypothalamus 1-3 Blood Supply of the Pituitary Cland 1-4 Anatomy and Relationships of the Pituitary Gland 1-5 Relationship of the Pituitary Cland to the Cavernous Sinus 1-6 Relationships of the Sella Turcica 1-7 Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Feedback Control 1-8 Posterior Pituitary Gland 1-9 Manifestations of Suprasellar Disease 1-10 Craniopharyngioma 1-11 Effects of Pituitary Tumors on the Visual Apparatus 1-12 Nontumorous Lesions of the Pituitary Gland and Pituitary Stalk 1-13 Pituitary Anterior Lobe Deficiency in Childhood and Adolescence in Boys 1-14 Pituitary Anterior Lobe Deficiency in Adults 1-15 Selective and Partial Hypopituitarism 1-16 Severe Anterior Pituitary Deficiency or Panhypopituitarism 1-17 Postpartum Pituitary Infarction (Sheehan Syndrome) 1-18 Pituitary Apoplexy 1-19 Pituitary Cigantism 1-20 Acromegaly 1-21 Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Tumor 1-22 Corticotropin-Secreting Pituitary Tumor 1-23 Nelson Syndrome 1-24 Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumor 1-25 Secretion and Action of Oxytocin 1-26 Secretion and Action of Vasopressin 1-27 Central Diabetes Insipidus 1-28 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Children 1-29 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Adults 1-30 Tumors Metastatic to the Pituitary 1-31 Surgical Approaches to the PituitarySECTION 2 THYROID 2-1 Anatomy of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 2-2 Anatomy of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands(cont'd) 2-3 Development of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Clands 2-4 Development of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands(cont'd) 2-5 Congenital Anomalies of the Thyroid Gland 2-6 Effects of Thyrotropin on the Thyroid Gland 2-7 Physiology of Thyroid Hormones 2-8 Graves Disease 2-9 Graves Disease(cont'd) 2-10 Graves Ophthalmopathy 2-11 Thyroid Pathology in Craves Disease 2-12 Clinical Manifestations of Toxic Adenoma and Toxic Multinodular Goiter 2-13 Pathophysiology of Toxic Adenoma and Toxic Multinodular Coiter 2-14 Clinical Manifestations of Hypothyroidism in Adults 2-15 Clinical Manifestations of Hypothyroidism in Adults (cont'd) 2-16 Clinical Manifestations of Hypothyroidism in Adults(cont'd) 2-17 Congenital Hypothyroidism 2-18 Euthyroid Goiter 2-19 Gross Pathology of Coiter 2-20 Etiology of Nontoxic Goiter 2-21 Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis and Fibrous Thyroiditis 2-22 Subacute Thyroiditis 2-23 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma 2-24 Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma 2-25 Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma 2-26 Hurthle Cell Thyroid Carcinoma 2-27 Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma 2-28 Tumors Metastatic to the ThyroidSECTION 3 ADRENAL 3-1 Development of the Adrenal Clands 3-2 Anatomy and Blood Supply of the Adrenal Glands 3-3Anatomy and Blood Supply of the Adrenal Clands(cont'd) 3-4 Innervation of the Adrenal Clands 3-5 Histology of the Adrenal Clands 3-6 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Adrenal Cortical Hormones 3-7 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Adrenal Cortical Hormones(cont'd) 3-8 The Biologic Actions of Cortisol 3-9 Cushing Syndrome-Clinical Findings 3-10 Tests Used in the Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome 3-11 Cushing Syndrome:Pathophysiology Cushing Syndrome Caused by Primary 3-12 Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease Major Blocks in Abnormal 3-13 Steroidogenesis 3-14 Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 3-15 The Biologic Actions of Adrenal Androgens 3-16 Adult Androgenital Syndromes 3-17 The Biologic Actions of Aldosterone 3-18 Primary Aldosteronism 3-19 Adrenal Venous Sampling for Primary Aldosteronism 3-20 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Renovascular Hypertension 3-21 Acute Adrenal Failure-Adrenal Crisis 3-22 Chronic Primary Adrenal Failure- Addison Disease 3-23 Laboratory Findings and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency 3-24 Laboratory Findings and Treatment of Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency 3-25Adrenal Medulla and Catecholamines 3-26 Catecholamine SynthesisStorage SecretionMetabolismand Inactivation 3-27 Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma 3-28 Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma(cont'd) 3-29 Tumors Metastatic to the Adrenal ClandsSECTION 4 REPRODUCTION 4-1 Differentiation of Conads 4-2 Differentiation of Genital Ducts 4-3Differentiation of External Cenitalia 4-4Testosterone and Estrogen Synthesis 4-5 Normal Puberty 4-6 Normal Puberty(cont'd) 4-7 Normal Puberty (cont'd) 4-8 Normal Puberty(cont'd) 4-9 Precocious Puberty 4-10 Precocious Puberty(cont'd) 4-11 Precocious Puberty(cont'd) 4-12 Disorders of Sex Development 4-13Disorders of Sex Development (cont'd) 4-14 Disorders of Sex Development (cont'd) 4-15 Disorders of Sex Development (cont'd) 4-16 Errors in Chromosomal Sex 4-17 Klinefelter Syndrome 4-18 Turner Syndrome(Gonadal Dysgenesis) 4-19 Turner Syndrome(Conadal Dysgenesis) (cont'd) 4-20 Turner Syndrome(Conadal Dysgenesis) (cont'd) 4-21 Hirsutism and Virilization 4-22 Hirsutism and Virilization (cont'd) 4-23 Influence of Gonadal Hormones on the Female Reproductive Cycle from Birth to Old Age 4-24 Functional and Pathologic Causes of Uterine Bleeding 4-25 Gynecomastia 4-26 GalactorrheaSECTION 5 PANCREAS 5-1 Pancreas Anatomy and Histology 5-2 Exocrine Functions of the Pancreas 5-3Normal Histology of Pancreatic Islets 5-4 Insulin Secretion 5-5 Actions of Insulin 5-6 Clycolysis 5-7 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 5-8 Clycogen Metabolism 5-9 Consequences of Insulin Deprivation 5-10 Diabetic Ketoacidosis 5-11 Type l Diabetes Mellitus 5-12 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 5-13Diabetic Retinopathy 5-14 Complications of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy 5-15 Diabetic Nephropathy 5-16 Diabetic Neuropathy 5-17 Atherosclerosis in Diabetes 5-18 Vascular Insufficiency in Diabetes:The Diabetic Foot 5-19 Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy 5-20 Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 5-21 Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 5-22 Insulinoma 5-23 Primary Pancreatic ¦Â-Cell HyperplasiaSECTION 6 BONE AND CALCIUM 6-1 Histology of the Normal Parathyroid Clands 6-2 Physiology of the Parathyroid Clands 6-3 Bone Remodeling Unit 6-4 Pathophysiology of Primary Hyperparathyroidism 6-5 Pathology and Clinical Manifestations of Primary Hyperparathyroidism 6-6 Tests for the Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Hypercalcemia 6-7 Renal Osteodystrophy 6-8 Renal Osteodystrophy:Bony Manifestations 6-9 Histology of the Parathyroid Clands in Hyperparathyroidism 6-10 Pathophysiology of Hypoparathyroidism 6-11 Clinical Manifestations of Acute Hypocalcemia 6-12 Pathophysiology of Pseudohypoparathyroidism 6-13 Clinical Manifestations of Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type la 6-14 Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis 6-15 Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women 6-16 Osteoporosis in Men 6-17 Clinical Manifestations of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures 6-18 Nutritional-Deficiency Rickets and Osteomalacia 6- Pseudovitamin D-Deficiency Rickets and Osteomalacia 6-20 Hypophosphatemic Rickets 6-21 Clinical Manifestations of Rickets in Childhood 6-22 Clinical Manifestations of Osteomalacia in Adults 6-23 Paget Disease of the Bone 6-24 Pathogenesis and Treatment of Paget Disease of the Bone 6-25 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 6-26 Osteogenesis Imperfecta(cont'd) 6-27 HypophosphatasiaSECTION 7 LIPIDS AND NUTRITION 7-1 Cholesterol Synthesis and Metabolism 7-2 Gastrointestinal Absorption of Cholesterol and Triglycerides 7-3 Regulation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor and Cholesterol Content 7-4 High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Reverse Cholesterol Transport 7-5 Hypercholesterolemia 7-6 Hypercholesterolemic Xanthomatosis 7-7 Hypercholesterolemic Xanthomatosis (cont'd) 7-8 Abetalipoproteinemia and Tangier Disease 7-9 Hypertriglyceridemia 7-10 Clinical Manifestations of Hypertriglyceridemia 7-11 Clinical Manifestations of Hypertriglyceridemia (cont'd) 7-12 Atherosclerosis 7-13 Atherosclerosis(cont'd) 7-14 Atherosclerosis Risk Factors 7-15 Metabolic Syndrome 7-16 Mechanisgg of Action of Lipid-Lowering Agents 7-17 Treatment of Hyperlipidemia 7-18 Absorption of Essential Vitamins 7-19 Vitamin B:Deficiency:Beriberi 7-20 Vitamin B3 Deficiency:Pellagra 7-21 Vitamin C Deficiency:Scurvy 7-22 Vitamin A Deficiency 7-23Celiac Disease and Malabsorption 7-24 Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Sphingolipidoses 7-25 Anorexia Nervosa 7-26 Obesity 7-27 Surgical Treatment Options for ObesitySECTION 8 GENETICS AND ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA 8-1 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 8-2 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 8-3Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2(cont'd) 8-4Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome 8-5 Neurofibromatosis Type 1(von Recklinghausen Disease) 8-6Clinical Manifestations of Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1 8-7 Carcinoid SyndromeGLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONSREFERENCESINDEX