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1 Pollen Morphological Characteristics of Ornamental Crabapples
1£®1 Significance of the Study of Crabapple Pollen Morphology
1£®2 Observation Methods for Crabapple Pollen Phenotypes
1£®3 Pollen Morphological Characteristics of Ornamental Crabapples
1£®4 Analysis of Pollen Morphology Traits of Crabapple
1£®4£®1 Stability of Pollen Phenotypic Traits
1£®4£®2 Analysis of Intrapopulation Variability of Phenotypic Traits in Crabapple Pollen
1£®5 Chapter Summary

2 Evolutionary Law for Ornamental Crabapple Pollen Traits
2£®1 Evolutionary Research Background on Plant Pollen Traits
2£®2 Study Methods for Investigating the Evolution of the Phenotypic Traits of Crabapple Pollen
2£®2£®1 Analysis of the Evolutionm'y Relationship of Pollen Between Species from the Malus
2£®2£®2 Analysis Methods for Assessing the Trend of Evolution Between Cultivars and Species
2£®3 Evolutionary Relationships of Crabapple Pollen Phenotypic Traits
2£®3£®1 The Evolutionary Relationships of the Pollen Phenotype
Traits of Malus Species Based on Classical Taxonomy
and Molecular Evolutionary Trees
2£®3£®2 Evolutionary Trends of Pollen Phenotypic Traits
of Natural Species and Cultivars of Crabapples
Based on Boxplot Analysis
2£®3£®3 Evolutionary Trends of the Pollen Phenotypic
Traits of Natural Species and Cultivars of Crabapples
Based on Frequency Distribution Characteristics
2£®4 Chapter Summary

3 Evolutionary of Pollen Ornamentation in Ornamental Crabapples
3£®1 Research Background on Plant Pollen Ornamentation Evolution
3£®2 Quantitative Analysis Methods for the Evolution of Crabapple Pollen Ornamentation
3£®3 Evolutionary Trend of Pollen Ornamentation in Ornamental Crabapples
3£®3£®1 Distribution Characteristics of the Ornamentation Patterns of Crabapple Germplasm Pollen
3£®3£®2 Pollen Ornamentation Evolution in the Populations of Species and Cultivars
3£®3£®3 Evolution of Pollen Ornamentation Patterns in Parental and Progeny Populations
3£®4 Chapter Summary

4 Ultrastrueture Observation of M£® halliana Pollen During Development
4£®1 Research Background of M£® halliana Pollen Development
4£®2 Mixed Bud Morphological and Developmental Observation in M£® halliana
4£®3 Ultrastructural Observations of M£® halliana Pollen Development
4£®3£®1 Initial Differentiation Stage of the Anthers
4£®3£®2 Sporogenesis
4£®3£®3 Formation of Microsporocytes
4£®3£®4 Meiosis
4£®3£®5 Mononucleated Microspore Stage£®£®
4£®3£®6 Pollen Maturation Stage
4£®4 Ultrastructural Observations of Anther Wall Formation in M£® halliana
4£®4£®1 Sporogenesis
4£®4£®2 Microsporocyte Formation Stage
4£®4£®3 Meiosis
4£®4£®4 Pollen Maturation Stage
4£®5 Anatomical Causes of Pollen Abortion in Monopetalous M£® halliana
4£®6 Chapter Summary

5 Electron Microscopic of Crabapple Pollen
5£®1 M£® angustifolia
5£®2 M£® baccata
5£®3 M£® domestica vat£¬ binzi
5£®4 M£® floribunda
5£®5 M£® fusca
5£®6 M£® honanensis
5£®7 M£® ioensis
5£®8 M£® mandshurica
5£®9 M£® micromalus
5£®10 M£® niedzwetzloe'ana
5£®11 M£® ombrophila
5£®12 M£® platycarpa
5£®13 M£® prunifolia
5£®14 M£® pumila
5£®15 M£® robusta
5£®16 M£® rockii
5£®17 M£® sieversii
5£®18 M£® spectabilis
5£®19 M£® sylvestris
5£®20 M£® toringoides
5£®2 l M£¬ tschonoskii
5£®22 M£® turkmenorum
5£®23 M£¬ yunnanensis
5£®24 M£¬ 'Abundance'
5£®25 M£¬ 'Adams'
5£®26 M£® 'Almey'
5£®27 M£¬ 'Ballet'
5£®28 M£¬ 'Brandywine'
5£®29 M£® 'Butterball'
5£®30 M£® 'Cardinal'
5£®31 M£® 'Centurion'
5£®32 M£® 'Cinderella'
5£®33 M£® 'Cloudsea'
5£®34 M£® 'Coralburst'
5£®35 M£¬ 'Darwin'
5£®36 M£® 'David'
5£®37 M£® 'Dolgo'
5£®38 M£® 'Donald Wyman'
5£®39 M£® 'Eleyi'
5£®40 M£® 'Everest'
5£®41 M£® 'Fairytail Gold'
5£®42 M£® 'Firebird'
5£®43 M£® 'Flame'
5£®44 M£® 'Furong'
5£®45 M£® 'Golden Hornet'
5£®46 M£® 'Golden Raindrop'
5£®47 M£® 'Gorgeous'
5£®48 M£® 'Guard'
5£®49 M£® halliana 'Pink Double'
5£®50 M£® 'Harvest Gold'
5£®51 M£® 'Hillier'
5£®52 M£® 'Hopa'
5£®53 M£® 'Indian Magic'
5£®54 M£® 'Indian Summer'
5£®55 M£® 'Kelsey'
5£®56 M£® 'King Arthur'
5£®57 M£® 'Klehm's Improved Bechtel'
5£®58 M£® 'Lancelot'
5£®59 M£® 'Lisa'
5£®60 M£® 'Liset'
5£®61 M£® 'Lollipop'
5£®62 M£® 'Louisa Contort'
5£®63 M£® 'Makamik'
5£®64 M£® 'Mary Potter'
5£®65 M£® 'May's Delight'
5£®66 M£® 'Molten Lava'
5£®67 M£® 'Perfect Purple'
5£®68 M£® 'Pink Princess'
5£®69 M£® 'Pink Spires'
5£®70 M£® 'Prairie Rose'
5£®71 M£® 'Prairifire'
5£®72 M£® 'Professor Sprenger'
5£®73 M£® 'Profusion'
5£®74 M£® 'Purple Gems'
5£®75 M£® 'Purple Prince'
5£®76 M£® purpurei 'Neville Copeman'
5£®77 M£® 'Radiant'
5£®78 M£® 'Red Barron'
5£®79 M£® 'Red Jade'
5£®80 M£® 'Red Sentinel'
5£®81 M£® 'Red Splendor'
5£®82 M£® 'Regal'
5£®83 M£® 'Robinson'
5£®84 M£® 'Roger's Selection'
5£®85 M£® 'Royal Beauty'
5£®86 M£® 'Royal Gem'
5£®87 M£® 'Royal Raindrop'
5£®88 M£® 'Royalty'
5£®89 M£® 'Rudolph'
5£®90 M£® 'Rum'
5£®91 M£® 'Show Time'
5£®92 M£® 'Snowdrift'
5£®93 M£® 'Sparkler'
5£®94 M£® 'Spring Glory'
5£®95 M£® 'Spring Sensation'
5£®96 M£® 'Spring Snow'
5£®97 M£® 'Sugar Tyme'
5£®98 M£® 'Sweet Sugar Tyme'
5£®99 M£® 'Thunderchild'
5£®100 M£® 'Tina'
5£®101 M£® 'Van Eseltine'
5£®102 M£® 'Velvet Pillar'
5£®103 M£® 'Weeping Madonna'
5£®104 M£® 'White Cascade'
5£®105 M£® 'Winter Gold'
5£®106 M£® 'Winter Red'
5£®107 M£® X zumi 'Calocarpa'

Supplementary
References
Index