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Contents INTRODUCTION 1 Part 1 Structure Design Basis for Wind Turbine Blade Chapter 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES 9 1.1 DESIGN COORDINATION 9 1.2 DESIGN BASIS 12 1.3 STRUCTURE DESIGN 13 1.4 STRUCTURE WEIGHT AND COST CONTROL 15 Chapter 2 COMPOSITE BASIS 17 2.1 BLADE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE COMPONENTS 21 2.2 BLADE STRUCTURAL MATERIAL 25 2.3 REINFORCED FIBRE 25 2.4 RESIN 27 2.5 OTHER STRUCTURAL MATERIALS 28 2.6 MATERIAL SELECTION 30 2.7 MECHANICAL TEST OF COMPOSITES 30 2.7.1 Testing Techniques of Composites 30 2.7.2 Test Process of Composites 34 2.8 MANUFACTURABILITY OF COMPOSITES FOR BLADE 36 Chapter 3 STRUCTURE DESIGN BASIS 43 3.1 DESIGN BASIS 43 3.1.1 Airfoil Contour 43 3.1.2 Load Characteristics 45 3.1.3 Load-carrying Forms 57 3.2 CONFIGURATION DESIGN 59 3.3 STRUCTURE DESIGN PROCESS 61 Part 2 Structure Design for Wind Turbine Blade Chapter 4 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT DESIGN 67 4.1 SPAR CAP DESIGN 67 4.1.1 Configuration Categories for Spar Cap 70 4.1.2 Spar Cap of Glass-fibre Fabric 72 4.1.3 Spar Cap of Carbon-fibre Fabric 74 4.1.4 Spar Cap of Laminated Bamboo-wood 76 4.1.5 Spar Caps Made of Mixed Material 78 4.1.6 Structure Design for Spar Caps 78 4.1.7 Spar Cap Manufacturing Process Description 79 4.2 DESIGN OF WEB AND FLANGE ADHESIVE BONDING 83 4.2.1 Web Configuration Types 84 4.2.2 Web Arrangements 88 4.2.3 Web Structure Design 89 4.2.4 Prospect of Web Processing 96 4.3 SKIN DESIGN 96 4.3.1 Configuration Design for Skin 97 4.3.2 Summary of Skin Process 98 4.4 SANDWICH STRUCTURE DESIGN 99 4.4.1 Sandwich Structure Configurations 101 4.4.2 Sandwich Structure Design 101 4.4.3 Summary of Sandwich Structure Processes 104 4.5 LEADING EDGE UD DESIGN AND LEADING EDGE ADHESIVE BONDING 105 4.5.1 Structure Design for Leading edge UD 106 4.5.2 Adhesive Bonding Forms 108 4.6 TRAILING EDGE UD DESIGN AND TRAILING EDGE ADHESIVE BONDING 108 4.6.1 Design for Trailing Edge UD Configuration 109 4.6.2 Structure Design for Trailing Edge 111 4.6.3 Summary of Trailing Edge Processing 119 4.7 ROOT REINFORCEMENT DESIGN 121 4.7.1 Structure Design for Root Reinforcement 121 4.7.2 Process Overview of Blade Root Reinforcing Layer 122 4.8 CONNECTION DESIGN OF BLADE ROOT 123 4.8.1 Different Method for Mounting Bolt 124 4.8.2 Configuration Design of Embedded Bolts 126 4.8.3 Structure Design for Embedded Bolts 130 4.8.4 Structure Design for T-bolt 137 4.8.5 Overview of Blade Root Process Test 138 4.9 DISCUSSION ABOUT OPTIMIZATION DESIGN 138 4.9.1 Influence of Optimization and Non-optimization 138 4.9.2 Structure Index 138 Chapter 5 DESIGN OF FUNCTIONAL PARTS 140 5.1 BLADE TIP DESIGN 140 5.2 LIGHTNING PROTECTION DESIGN 140 5.2.1 Air-termination System 142 5.2.2 Lightning Protection Tests on Blades 143 5.3 GEL COATS AND PAINTS 144 5.4 DESIGN OF REINFORCED LAYERS FOR TRANSPORTATION 145 5.5 BLADE ROOT COVER DESIGN 145 5.6 DESIGN OF BALANCING CHAMBERS 146 5.7 RAIN DEFLECTOR DESIGN 146 5.8 PE PIPES CONNECTED WITH DOUBLE WEBS 147 5.9 OTHER DESIGNS 147 Part 3 Structure Design Methods for Wind Turbine Blade Chapter 6 STRUCTURE VERIFICATION PRINCIPLES 151 6.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURE VERIFICATION 152 6.2 BLADE STRUCTURE VERIFICATION METHODS 152 6.3 GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF BLADE STRUCTURE VERIFICATION 154 6.3.1 Blade Topological Graph 154 6.3.2 Stress Characteristics of Blade Components 154 6.4 STRENGTH ANALYSIS 157 6.5 STABILITY ANALYSIS 157 6.6 DEFORMATION ANALYSIS 161 6.7 DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS 162 6.8 ADHESIVE BONDING ANALYSIS 162 6.9 INTERLAMINAR ANALYSIS 162 6.10 FATIGUE ANALYSIS 163 6.11 ADVANCED ANALYSIS 164 Chapter 7 UNIDIMENSIONAL METHOD 165 7.1 I-BEAM THEORY 165 7.2 SIMPLIFICATION OF BLADE CROSS SECTION MODEL 168 7.3 CALCULATION OF BLADE CROSS SECTION STRENGTH 171 7.4 STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF BLADE CROSS SECTION 174 7.5 CALCULATION OF BLADE BENDING DEFORMATION 175 7.6 DEFLECTION ANALYSIS OF BLADE SECTION 177 7.7 DEVIATION ANALYSIS WITH UNIDIMENSIONAL METHOD 177 7.8 APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT OF UNIDIMENSIONAL METHOD 181 Chapter 8 2D METHOD 183 8.1 BLADE STRENGTH CALCULATION 184 8.1.1 Normal Stress Calculation of Thin-walled Airfoil Structure 184 8.1.2 Shear Stress Calculation of Thin-walled Airfoil 190 8.1.3 Calculation of Blade Deflection 197 8.2 CALCULATION OF BLADE NATURAL FREQUENCY AND CHARACTERISTIC MODE 201 8.3 EQUIVALENT FATIGUE LOAD METHOD FOR FATIGUE DAMAGE CALCULATION 203 8.4 2D ENGINEERING ALGORITHM 204 8.5 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD OF 2D UNIFORM CROSS SECTION 206 8.5.1 Finite element analysis of 2D shell model 206 8.5.2 Finite element verification of 2D solid model 209 Chapter 9 3D METHOD 211 9.1 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF WIND TURBINE BLADES 212 9.2 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF BLADES 212 9.2.