I PERSPECTIVE
**章 远景 / … ……………………………………………………………………1
The Future and peace / 未来与和平
Causes of past wars / 过去历次战争爆发的原因
Growth of opposing interests / 敌对利益集团的发展
Danger of merely juridical conceptions of the League of Nations / 国际联盟纯属法律概念的危险性
The possibility of a World-Tyranny / 出现一种世界暴政的可能性
The problem stated / 业已公认的问题
II SOCIAL MOMENTUM
第二章 社会的动力 / ……………………………………………………………6
Democratic Idealism, its successive tragedies , and its relation to Reality / 民主的理想主义,随之而来的灾难,以及它与现实的关系
The Economic Reality of the“Going Concern” / “进行中的事业”的经济现实
The organizers of Going Concerns / “进行中的事业”的组织者
The emergence of organizers from Revolution / 革命中涌现出来的组织者
The organizer and social discipline / 组织者与社会纪律
The great Organizer is the great Realist / 伟大的组织者也是伟大的现实主义者
Democratic prejudice against Experts / 对于专业人士的民主性偏见
The organizer thinks strategically / 组织者战略性地思考问题
His “ways and means” mind / 其“手段与方法”的思想
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Napoleon / 拿破仑
Bismarck / 俾斯麦
The strategical mentality of Prussia / 普鲁士的战略精神
“Kultur” and strategy / “德国文化”[1]和战略
The German war map / 德国的战争地图
Strategical thought in Economics / 经济学里的战略思想
But Democracy thinks ethically / 但民主从道德方面来考虑问题
“No annexations, no indemnities” / “不吞并,不索赔”
Refuses to think strategically unless compelled to do so for defense / 除非是为了防御而被迫这样做,否则就不愿从战略角度来思考问题
Must fail unless it reckons with both geographical and economic Reality / 倘若不重视地理与经济现实,那么民主必败无疑
III THE SEAMAN’S POINT OF VIEW
第三章 海洋民族的观点 / … ………………………………………………………41
The Unity of the Ocean, the first geographical Reality / 从地理学角度来看海洋的整体性
The consequences not yet fully accepted / 其诸多重要性却尚未得到世人的完全公认
Therefore necessary to take a historical view / 因此有必要从一种历史学的观点来加以看待
Contending river-powers in Egypt / 埃及河流两岸各个相互争战的强国
The Nile “closed” by land-power / 尼罗河被陆上力量“封锁”了
Contending sea-powers in the Mediterranean / 地中海地区相互争战的海上强国
The Mediterranean “closed” by land-power / 地中海被陆上力量“封锁”了
The Latin Peninsula as a sea-base / 拉丁半岛是一个海上基地
The encompassing of the World-Promontory by sea-power from the Latin peninsular base / 海上力量通过拉丁半岛这个基地包围了“世界海角”
Division within the Latin European Peninsula / 拉丁欧洲半岛内部的分裂
Hence the opportunity for sea-power from the lesser but insular sea-base of Britain / 因此,海上力量便有了机会,能够从面积虽然较小、却以海岛为海上基地的不列颠发展起来
Of sea-bases in general / 关于通常的海上基地
Of sea-power in the Great War / 关于**次世界大战中的海上力量
[1] Kultur:本义指“文化,文明”,后演变成贬义,暗指含有沙文主义、军国主义等内涵的“德国文化”,也可用于指纳粹分子统治下的社会组织。
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The World-Island / “世界岛”
The ultimate base of sea-power / 海上力量的重要基地
IV THE LANDSMAN’S POINT OF VIEW
第四章 陆上民族的观点 / … ………………………………………………………89
The World-Island seen from within / 从内部来看“世界岛”
The Heartland physically defined / 按照自然法则所确定的“中心地带”
The other Natural Regions / 其他的自然区域
The Arabian Centerland / 阿拉伯中央地带
The mobile riders and the plowmen / 游牧民族和农耕民族
The Arab bid for World Empire / 阿拉伯人试图建立起一个世界帝国
The Steppes-belt / 草原地带
The Tartar invasions and their consequences / 鞑靼人的入侵及其影响
The Tibetan Heights and the N. W. entries to China and India / 西藏高原以及进入中国和印度的西北通道
The open access from the Heartland to Arabia and to Europe / 从“中心地带”到阿拉伯半岛和欧洲的通途大道
The Heartland strategically defined / 从战略角度来定义“中心地带”
The Black Sea basin included / “中心地带”包括了黑海盆地
The Baltic basin included / 波罗的海盆地亦包括在内
The Heartland as real a physical fact as the World-Island / “中心地带”与“世界岛”都是客观存在的现实
The ultimate citadel of land-power / 陆上力量的终极堡垒
V THE RIVALRY OF EMPIRES
第五章 帝国之间的竞争 / ………………………………………………………133
The Cossack advance over the Heartland / 哥萨克人向“中心地带”推进
The Russian Homeland, sharply delimited / 俄罗斯人的故土急剧分裂
The real Europe / 真正的欧洲
Divided into East and West Europe / 欧洲分裂成了东欧和西欧
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History of the relations of East and West Europe / 东、西欧之间的关系史
Their fundamental opposition / 它们之间的根本性对抗
Their essential difference / 它们之间的主要分歧
German and Slav in East Europe / 位于东欧的日耳曼人和斯拉夫人
Trafalgar seemed to split the stream of history into two for a century / 特拉法尔加[1]海战似乎将一个世纪的历史长河分为了两支
Britain and the Not-Europe / 不列颠与“不是欧洲”
But East Europe is really within the Heartland, and there were no two streams / 但实际上东欧位于“中心地带”内部,历史长河也并未分成两支
British and French policy agreed in the Nineteenth Century / 英、法两国的政策在19世纪保持着一致
The Great War caused by German attempt to control East Europe and the Heartland / 德国人企图控制东欧和“中心地带”,从而引发了**次世界大战
The Economic Reality of organized man-power — the Going Concern / 有组织的人力这一经济现实——即“进行中的事业”
Political Economy and National Economy / 政治经济与国民经济
The great Economic change of 1878 / 1878年的经济巨变
The German policy was to stimulate growth of man-power and then use it to occupy the Heartland / 德国的政策是刺激人力增长,然后利用人力来占领“中心地带”
But Laissez-fairs also a policy of Empire / 但自由经济[2]也是帝国的一种政策
Clash of the two policies / 这两种政策的冲突
Inevitable from the fact that they were two Going Concerns / 它们是两种“进行中的事业”,这一事实使得冲突无法避免。
VI THE FREEDOM OF NATIONS
第六章 国家自由 / … ………………………………………………………………171
We have won the War, but were nearly defeated / 尽管我们已经赢得此次大战,但差点儿失败了
[1] Trafalgar:特拉法尔加。西班牙位于直布罗陀海峡西端的一个城市。1805年,英国海军在此海域与法、西联合舰队作战并大获全胜,从而巩固了英国海洋霸主的地位。
[2] Laissez-faire:(经济上的)放任政策,不干涉主义。源自法语,19世纪早期和中期变成了自由市场经济学的同义词。自由放任主义反对政府干涉经济,并且反对政府征收除足以维持和平、治安和财产权以外的其他税赋。
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Had Germany won, if only on land, you should have had to reckon with a Heartland Empire / 若是德国获胜,就算只是在陆地上获胜,我们可能也得严肃认真地去对付一个“中心地带”的帝国了
The Heartland the persistent Geographical threat to World liberty / “中心地带”在地理上对世界自由构成了持久威胁
How came Germany to make the mistake of offensive on West front / 德国怎样犯下了在西线发动攻势的错误
Hamburg and the man-power policy / 汉堡及其人力政策
We must now divide up East Europe and the Heartland / 我们如今必须把东欧和“中心地带”分割开来
It must be a division into three not two State-systems / 东欧必定会分成3种国家体制,而非两种国家体制
The peoples of the Middle Tier / 处于“中间层”国家中的各个民族
Feasibility of League of Nations, if this done / 实现这一点之后,国际联盟才有可行性
But there must be no predominant partner / 但是,其中决不能有“占据支配地位的伙伴”[1]
Yet you will have to reckon with Going Concerns / 不过,我们仍须去应对各个“进行中的事业”
A reasonable equality of power needed among a considerable number of members of your League / 在你们的国际联盟中,多数会员国应当保持合理的势力均衡
Of certain strategical positions of World importance / 具有全球重要性的某些战略要地
The Going Concerns in the future, and the unequal growth of Nations / 未来“进行中的事业”,以及各国的不均衡发展
The ideal is the Independent Nation of balanced economic development / 理想的情况是经济发展均衡的“独立国家”
Tragedies of the Going Concern / “进行中的事业”的悲剧
The policy of truly free nations which makes for Peace / 走向和平与真正自由的国际联盟的政策
VII THE FREEDOM OF MEN
第七章 人的自由 / … ………………………………………………………………206
Whether men and women will be more free in such free Nations / 在这样一种自由的国际联盟内,人民是否会变得更加自由
[1] predominant partner:优先合伙人,占有支配地位的伙伴。多用于喻指英格兰在英国国内的重要地位。作者此处显然是指国际联盟中各个成员国应当平等。
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The need of basing organization within the Nation on localities / 在国内以地区为基础建立起组织的必要性
The alternative organization is based on nation-wide classes and interests / 另一种组织是以全国范围的阶级和利益集团为基础而建立起来的
This leads inevitably to international war of classes / 这必然会导致阶级间的国际战争
Therefore the ideal is balanced provinces within balanced nations / 因此理想的情况便是,在势力均衡的国家当中,各个地区的势力也保持均衡
Such organization gives greatest opportunity to greatest number of men / 这种组织能够让*多的人获得*大的机会
Cause of Nationality movement / 民族运动的起因
Opposed to undue centralization / 反对过度集权化
Fraternal nations must be balanced economically, and formed of fraternal provinces / 友好国家间的经济实力必须保持均衡,并由友好地区所组成
Fraternity, if it is to last, depends on controlling the development of Going Concern / 友好关系若想持久,必须掌控各个“进行中的事业”的发展
VIII POSTSCRIPT
第八章 后记 / … ……………………………………………………………………227
The recent General Election, its meaning in a World setting / *近的大选及其在世界舞台上的意义
Of the saving virtue of Neighborliness / 关于睦邻友好这种留存下来的美德
APPENDIX NOTE ON AN INCIDENT AT THE QUAI D’ORSAY, 25TH JANUARY, 1919 /
附 1919年1月25日法国外交部一件小事备忘………………………………231