͸ÊÓ½ÌÓýʱÉÐ

introduction ........................................................................1
educational fads ........................................................................2
substantive and non-substantive concepts of education...................................... 3
a substantive concept of education (the educated person) ..........................................
4
standards and abilities........................................................................
4
intellectual traits and values.......................................................... 4
a substantive concept of education (the educational process) ................................ 5
¡°fixing¡± schools superficially........................................................... 7
the thinking of administrators ...........................................................7
the thinking of teachers ...........................................................8
the thinking of students ...........................................................8
the thinking of parents ...........................................................8
the thinking of school board members...........................................................
9
the thinking of legislators and governors.................................................... 9
the thinking of activist citizens ........................................................... 9
fixing the schools (substantively)........................................................... 9
attaining substantive education........................................................... 11
skills and abilities essential to learning across the curriculum .....................11
intellectual standards essential to learning across the curriculum.................... 11
intellectual traits essential to learning across the curriculum ....................... 12
modes of thinking esse