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chapter 1 introduction 1.1 language 1.1.1 what is language? 1.1.2 design features of language 1.1.3 the functions of language 1.2 linguistics 1.2.1 definition of linguistics 1.2.2 short history of modem linguistics 1.2.3 main branches of linguistics 1.2.4 why should we study linguistics? 1.3 some important distinctions in linguistics 1.3.1 descriptive approach vs. prescriptive approach 1.3.2 synchronic vs. diachronic 1.3.3 langue vs. parole 1.3.4 competence vs. performance 1.3.5 linguistic potential vs. linguistic behavior exercises referenceschapter 2 schools of modern linguistics and modern linquists 2.1 historical linguistics 2.2 structuralism 2.2.1 f. de saussure's theories 2.2.2 halliday and systemic functional grammar 2.3 generativism 2.3.1 generative linguistics 2.3.2 chomsky's theory 2.4 other linguistic theories in late half of the 20th century exercises referenceschapter 3 speech sounds 3.1 basic concepts and definitions 3.1.1 speech organs 3.1.2 phonetics vs. phonology 3.2 ipa 3.3 segment 3.3.1 phone, phoneme and allophone 3.3.2 consonants 3.3.3 vowels 3.4 phonology 3.4.1 coarticulation and phonetic transcriptions 3.4.2 phonological process and phonological rules 3.4.3 suprasegmental features exercises referenceschapter 4 morphology 4.1 what is morphology? 4.2 word, lexeme, lexicon and vocabulary 4.2.1 "three senses of "word" 4.2.2 classification of "word" 4.2.3 internal structure of "word" 4.3 inflection and word formation 4.3.1 inflection 4.3.2 word formation 4.4 semantic change 4.5 orthographic change exercises referenceschapter 5 syntax 5.1 what is syntax ? 5.2 the traditional approach 5.2.1 number 5.2.2 gender 5.2.3 case 5.2.4 countability 5.2.5 tense and aspect 5.2.6 voice 5.2.7 mood 5.2.8 person 5.2.9 concord and government 5.3 the structural approach 5.3.1 syntagmatic relation 5.3.2 paradigmatic relation 5.3.3 relation of co-occurrence 5.3.4 immediate constituent analysis 5.3.5 endocentric construction and exocentric construction 5.4 the generative grammar 5.4.1 classical theory 5.4.2 the standard theory 5.4.3 the summary of tg grammar exercises referenceschapter 6 semantics 6.1 what is semantics? 6.2 approaches to meaning 6.2.1 the referential theory 6.2.2 the semantic triangle theory 6.3 word meaning 6.3.l sense and reference 6.3.2 types of meanings 6.3.3 semantic relations between words 6.3.4 componential analysis 6.4 sentence meaning 6.4.1 an integrated theory 6.4.2 semantic relations between sentences exercises referenceschapter 7 pragmatics 7.1 some basic notions 7.1.1 what is pragmatics? 7.1.2 pragmatics and semantics 7.1.3 context 7.1.4 sentence meaning and utterance meaning 7.2 speech act theory 7.2.1 performatives and constatives 7.2.2 a theory of the illocutionary act 7.2.3 indirect speech act 7.3 the theory of conversational implicature 7.3.1 the cooperative principle and its maxims 7.3.2 violation of the maxims 7.4 the politeness principle and irony 7.5 neo-gricean conversationalimplicature theory 7.5.1 relevance theory 7.5.2 the q- and r-principles 7.5.3 the q-, i- and m-principles exercises referenceschapter 8 psycholinguistics 8.1 language acquisition 8.1.1 first language acquisition 8.1.2 second language acquisition 8.2 language comprehension 8.2.1 sound comprehension 8.2.2 word comprehension 8.2.3 sentence comprehension 8.2.4 text comprehension 8.3 language production 8.3.1 articulation stage 8.3.2 self-monitoring stage exercises referenceschapter 9 language, culture and society 9.1 language and culture 9.1.1 what is culture? 9.1.2 the relationship between language and culture 9.1.3 sapir-whorf hypothesis 9.1.4 linguistic evidence of cultural differences 9.1.5 intercultural communication 9.2 language and society 9.2.1 the relationship between language and society 9.2.2 what is sociolinguistics? 9.2.3 varieties of english exercises referenceschapter 10 applied linguistics 10.1 introduction 10.2 theories of foreign language teaching 10.2.1 the grammar-translation method 10.2.2 the direct method 10.2.3 the audiolingual method 10.2.4 cognitive approach 10.2.5 communicative language teaching 10.3 syllabus design 10.3.1 curriculum and syllabus 10.3.2 types of syllabus 10.3.3 rules for syllabus design 10.4 contrastive analysis and error analysis 10.5 testing 10.5.1 types of language tests 10.5.2 qualities of good language tests exercises referencesglossary and index