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**ƪ×ÜÂÛgeneral considerations**ÕÂ賦µÀ¸ÐȾµÄ»ù±¾ÖªÊ¶ basic knowledge of gastrointestinal tract infections  £¯  2**½Ú¸ÅÄî¼°ÀàÐÍ conceptions and types  £¯  2µÚ¶þ½ÚÁ÷Ðв¡Ñ§¼°ÁÙ´²±íÏÖ epidemiology and clinical manifestations  £¯  3µÚÈý½ÚÖ²¡ÒòËØ pathogenic factor  £¯  9µÚ¶þÕÂ賦µÀ¸ÐȾµÄÏÖ×´ current situation of the gastrointestinal tract infections  £¯  14**½Ú賦µÀ¸ÐȾµÄÑо¿Èȵã hotspots in gastrointestinal tract infections  £¯  14Ò»¡¢ 賦µÀÖ²¡¾ú¼ì²â¼¼ÊõÑз¢  development of detection methods of the gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens  £¯  14¶þ¡¢ 賦µÀÖ²¡¾úµÄÄÍÒ©·ÖÎöÓëÑо¿  surveillance and researches on the antibiotic resistance of the gastrointestinal pathogens  £¯  16Èý¡¢ 賦µÀÖ²¡¾ú¼à²â¼¼ÊõÑо¿ÓëÓ¦Óà molecular subtyping techniques of the gastrointestinal pathogens  £¯  18µÚ¶þ½Ú賦µÀ¸ÐȾÁÙ´²ºÍʵÑéÊÒÕï¶Ï·½Ãæ´æÔÚµÄÎÊÌâ problems in clinical and laboratory diagnosis for gastrointestinal tract infections  £¯  20Ò»¡¢  賦µÀ²¡Ô­¾úÑôÐÔ¼ì³öÂʵ͠ lower pathogen positive rate in gastrointestinal tract  £¯  20¶þ¡¢  ½â¾öÎÊÌâµÄ·½·¨  methods for problems solving  £¯  22µÚÈýÕÂ賦µÀ΢Éú̬ѧ microecology of gastrointestinal tract  £¯  24**½Ú³¦µÀ¾úȺµÄÐγÉÓëÑÝ»¯ formation and evolution of intestinal flora  £¯  24µÚ¶þ½Ú³¦µÀ¾úȺÓë¼²²¡ intestinal flora and diseases  £¯  27µÚÈý½Ú»ùÓÚpcrµÄ³¦µÀ΢ÉúÎïȺÑо¿·½·¨ pcrª²based research methods on intestinal flora  £¯  32µÚ¶þƪ賦µÀ¸ÐȾʵÑéÕï¶Ïlaboratory diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract infectionsµÚËÄÕÂ賦µÀ¸ÐȾʵÑéÕï¶Ï»ù±¾¼¼Êõ basic laboratory diagnosis technology for gastrointestinal tract infections  £¯  36**½Ú·à±ã±ê±¾Ï¸¾úͿƬ¼ì²é feces smear examination  £¯  36µÚ¶þ½Ú·à±ã±ê±¾ÅàÑø bacterial culture of fecal samples  £¯  38µÚÈý½Ú³¦µÀ²¡Ô­Ìå¼ì²âºÍ¼ø¶¨ detection and identification of gastrointestinal tract pathogens  £¯  42Ò»¡¢ 賦µÀ¸ÐȾÃâÒßѧ¼ì²â¼¼Êõ  immunoassays for gastrointestinal tract infection diseases  £¯  42¶þ¡¢ 賦µÀ¸ÐȾ·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ¼ì²âºÍ¼ø¶¨¼¼Êõ  molecular detection and identification of gastrointestinal tract pathogens  £¯  44Èý¡¢ É«Æ×¼¼Êõ  chromatography technology   £¯  50ËÄ¡¢ ÖÊÆ×¼¼Êõ  mass spectrometry   £¯  51µÚÎåÕÂ賦µÀ¸ÐȾϸ¾ú bacteria of gastrointestinal tract infection  £¯  53**½ÚÆÏÌÑÇò¾úÊô staphylococcus  £¯  53½ð»ÆÉ«ÆÏÌÑÇò¾ú   staphylococcus aureus  £¯  53µÚ¶þ½ÚÑ¿°û¸Ë¾úÊô bacillus  £¯  58À¯ÑùÑ¿°û¸Ë¾ú  bacillus cereus  £¯  59µÚÈý½ÚɳÞúÊô salmonella  £¯  63Ò»¡¢ É˺®¡¢¸±É˺®É³Ãžú  salmonella ser. typhi/salmonella ser.  paratyphi   £¯  64¶þ¡¢ ³¦Ñ×ɳÞú  salmonella ser. enteritidis  £¯  78Èý¡¢ ÊóÉ˺®É³Ãžú  salmonella ser. typhimurium  £¯  83ËÄ¡¢ ¡¡Öí»ôÂÒɳÞú  salmonella ser. choleraesuis  £¯  88µÚËĽÚÖ¾ºØ¾úÊô shigella  £¯  94Ò»¡¢ ¸£ÊÏÖ¾ºØ¾ú  s. flexneri  £¯  94¶þ¡¢ ËÎÄÚÖ¾ºØ¾ú  s.sonnei  £¯  106µÚÎå½ÚÖ¸¹Ðº´ó³¦°£Ï£¾ú diarrheagenic escherichia coli  £¯  111Ò»¡¢ ¡¡³¦³öѪÐԴ󳦰£Ï£¾ú  enterohemorrhagic e.coli   £¯  111¶þ¡¢ ³¦¼¯¾ÛÐԴ󳦰£Ï£¾ú  enteroaggregative e.coli  £¯  117Èý¡¢ ³¦ÇÖÏ®ÐԴ󳦰£Ï£¾ú  enteroinvasive e.coli  £¯  121ËÄ¡¢ ³¦Ö²¡ÐԴ󳦰£Ï£¾ú  enteropathogenic e.coli  £¯  125Îå¡¢ ³¦²ú¶¾ÐԴ󳦰£Ï£¾ú  enterotoxigenic e.coli  £¯  129µÚÁù½ÚÒ®¶ûÉ­¾úÊô yersinia  £¯  134Ò»¡¢ С³¦½á³¦Ñ×Ò®¶ûÉ­¾ú  y. enterocolitica  £¯  134¶þ¡¢ ¼Ù½áºËÒ®¶ûÉ­¾ú  y. pseudotuberculosis  £¯  140µÚÆß½Ú»¡¾úÊô vibrio  £¯  145Ò»¡¢ »ôÂÒ»¡¾ú  v. cholerae  £¯  145¶þ¡¢ ¸±ÈÜѪ»¡¾ú  v. parahaemolyticus  £¯  155Èý¡¢ Äâ̬»¡¾ú  v. mimicus  £¯  159ËÄ¡¢ ºÓ»¡¾ú  v. fluvialis  £¯  162µÚ°Ë½ÚÆøµ¥°û¾úÊô aeromonas  £¯  164ÊÈË®Æøµ¥°û¾ú     a. hydrophila  £¯  165µÚ¾Å½ÚÁÚµ¥°û¾úÊô plesiomonas  £¯  169ÀàÖ¾ºØÁÚµ¥°û¾ú  p. shigelloides  £¯  170µÚÊ®½ÚÍäÇú¾úÊô campylobacter  £¯  173¿Õ³¦ÍäÇú¾ú  c. jejuni  £¯  173µÚʮһ½ÚÂݸ˾úÊô helicobacter  £¯  179ÓÄÃÅÂݸ˾ú  h. pylori  £¯  179µÚÊ®¶þ½ÚËó×´Ñ¿°û¸Ë¾úÊô clostridium  £¯  185Ò»¡¢ ¼èÄÑËó¾ú  c. difficile  £¯  185¶þ¡¢ ÈⶾËó¾ú  c. botulinum  £¯  191Èý¡¢ ²úÆø¼ÔĤËó¾ú  c. perfringens  £¯  196µÚÁùÕÂ賦µÀ¸ÐȾÕæ¾ú fungi of gastrointestinal tract infection  £¯  202**½ÚÄîÖé¾úÊô candida  £¯  202°×ÄîÖé¾ú   c. albicans  £¯  202µÚ¶þ½ÚÇúùÊô aspergillus  £¯  204ÑÌÇúù  a. fumigatus  £¯  205µÚÈý½Úëù¾úÊô mucor  £¯  206×Ü״ëù  m. racemosus  £¯  206µÚÆßÕ¸¹Ðº²¡¶¾ diarrhea virus  £¯  209**½ÚÂÖ×´²¡¶¾ rotavirus  £¯  209µÚ¶þ½ÚŵÈ粡¶¾ norovirus  £¯  212µÚÈý½ÚÔúÈ粡¶¾ sapovirus  £¯  213µÚËĽÚÐÇ×´²¡¶¾ astrovirus  £¯  214µÚÎå½Ú³¦µÀÏÙ²¡¶¾ adenovirus  £¯  215µÚ°ËÕ³¦µÀ¼ÄÉú³æ intestinal parasites  £¯  217**½Ú±ê±¾²É¼¯ collection of specimen  £¯  217Ò»¡¢ ·à±ã±ê±¾²É¼¯×¢ÒâÒªµã  points of attention  £¯  217¶þ¡¢ ¼ì²é·½·¨  test methods  £¯  218µÚ¶þ½Ú³¦µÀ¼ÄÉú³æ¼ø¶¨ identification of intestinal parasites  £¯  225Ò»¡¢ ³¦µÀÔ­³æ  intestinal protozoa  £¯  225¶þ¡¢ ³¦µÀÈä³æ  intestinal helminths  £¯  229µÚÈý½ÚѪÇåѧ¼ì²é serological testing  £¯  237µÚÈýƪ賦µÀ¸ÐȾµÄÁÙ´²ÕïÖÎclinical diagnosis and treatment of gi tract infectionµÚ¾ÅÕÂ賦µÀϸ¾úÐÔ¸ÐȾµÄÁÙ´²Õï¶ÏÓëÖÎÁÆ clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal tract bacterial infections  £¯  240**½Úϸ¾úÐÔÁ¡¼² bacillary dysentery  £¯  240µÚ¶þ½Ú»ôÂÒ cholera  £¯  243µÚÈý½ÚÉ˺®ºÍ¸±É˺® typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever  £¯  247µÚËĽÚÒ®¶ûÉ­¾ú¸ÐȾ yersinia enterocolitica infection  £¯  255µÚÎå½ÚÓÄÃÅÂݸ˾ú¸ÐȾ helicobacter pylori¡¡infection  £¯  257µÚÁù½Ú¿¹¾úÒ©ÎïÏà¹ØÐÔ¸¹Ðº antibioticª²associated diarrhea  £¯  263µÚÆß½ÚÍäÇú¾ú¸ÐȾ campylobacter infection  £¯  270µÚ°Ë½ÚÈⶾËó¾úʳÎïÖж¾ food poisoning of clostridium botulinum  £¯  272µÚ¾Å½ÚÖ¸¹Ðº´ó³¦°£Ï£¾úʳÎïÖж¾ food poisoning of escherichia coli  £¯  274µÚÊ®½Ú½ð»ÆÉ«ÆÏÌÑÇò¾úʳÎïÖж¾ staphylococcus food poisoning  £¯  277µÚʮһ½ÚɳÞúʳÎïÖж¾ salmonella food poisoning  £¯  279µÚÊ®¶þ½Ú¸±ÈÜѪ»¡¾úʳÎïÖж¾ vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning  £¯  282µÚÊ®Èý½ÚÀ¯ÑùÑ¿°û¸Ë¾úʳÎïÖж¾ cere spore bacilli food poisoning  £¯  284µÚÊ®ËĽڲúÆø¼ÔĤËó¾úʳÎïÖж¾ clostridium perfringens food poisoning  £¯  285µÚÊ®Îå½ÚÀàÖ¾ºØÁÚµ¥°û¾úʳÎïÖж¾ plesiomonas shigelloides food poisoning  £¯  286µÚÊ®Áù½ÚÆøµ¥°û¾úʳÎïÖж¾ aeromonas food poisoning  £¯  287µÚÊ®ÕÂ賦µÀÕæ¾úÐÔ¸ÐȾµÄÁÙ´²Õï¶ÏÓëÖÎÁÆ clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal  tract fungal infections  £¯  292**½ÚÄîÖé¾ú賦µÀ¸ÐȾ gastrointestinal candida infection  £¯  292µÚ¶þ½Ú·ÇÄîÖé¾úÒýÆðµÄ賦µÀÕæ¾ú¸ÐȾ gastrointestinal¡¡nonª²candida fungus infection  £¯  295Ò»¡¢ ëù²¡  mucormycosis  £¯  295¶þ¡¢ ¡¡Çúù²¡  aspergillosis  £¯  296µÚʮһÕÂ賦µÀ²¡¶¾ÐÔ¸ÐȾµÄÁÙ´²Õï¶ÏÓëÖÎÁÆ clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal tract viral infections  £¯  300**½ÚÂÖ×´²¡¶¾ÐÔ賦Ñ× rotavirus gastroenteritis  £¯  300µÚ¶þ½ÚŵÈ粡¶¾ÐÔ賦Ñ× norovirus gastroenteritis  £¯  302µÚÈý½ÚÔúÈ粡¶¾ÐÔ賦Ñ× sapovirus gastroenteritis  £¯  303µÚËĽÚÏÙ²¡¶¾ÐÔ賦Ñ× adenovirus gastroenteritis  £¯  304µÚÎå½ÚÐÇ×´²¡¶¾ÐÔ賦Ñ× astrovirus gastroenteritis  £¯  304µÚÊ®¶þÕÂ賦µÀ¼ÄÉú³æ¸ÐȾµÄÁÙ´²Õï¶ÏÓëÖÎÁÆ clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal  tract parasitic infections  £¯  306**½Ú³¦µÀÔ­³æ¸ÐȾ intestinal protozoa infection  £¯  306Ò»¡¢ °¢ÃװͲ¡£¨°¢Ã×°ÍÁ¡¼²£©  amoebiasis  £¯  306¶þ¡¢ À¶ÊϼֵڱÞë³æ²¡  giardiasis  £¯  309Èý¡¢ ½á³¦Ð¡´üÏËë³æ²¡  balantidiasis  £¯  310µÚ¶þ½Ú³¦µÀÈä³æ¸ÐȾ intestinal worm infection  £¯  312Ò»¡¢ ¾ÞÎǼ¬Í·³æ²¡  macracanthorhynchosis  £¯  312¶þ¡¢ ³¦Îü³æ²¡  distomatosis intestinalis  £¯  313Èý¡¢  ³¦µÀÏ߳没  intestinal nematode disease  £¯  315ËÄ¡¢ ³¦Ìг没  intestinal taeniasis  £¯  329¸½Â¼Ò»É³ÃžúÊôÕï¶Ï¿¹Ô­£¨2500ÓàÖÖ£©±í antigenic formulae of the salmonella serovars  £¯  335¸½Â¼¶þË®ºÍʳƷÎÀÉúϸ¾úѧ¼ìÑé water and food sanitary inspection  £¯  380¸½Â¼Èý³£ÓÃÅàÑø»ù common medium  £¯  389¸½Â¼ËÄ賦µÀ¸ÐȾÏà¹ØÎÊÌâ½â´ð gastrointestinal tract infection related problems  £¯  405¸½Â¼Î忹ÉúËØÒ©ÎïÃû³ÆÓ¢ºº¶ÔÕÕ comparison of antibiotic name in english with that in chinese  £¯  417¸½Â¼Áù³£¼ûϸ¾úµÄÌìÈ»ÄÍÒ© natural resistance  £¯  423