º£Ë®µ­»¯¹¤³Ì:ÔËÐм°Î¬»¤:operation and maintenance

Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 I ntroduction
1£®1 Reverse Osmosis Fundamentals
1£®1£®1 Key Components of the Desalination Plant Treatment Process
1£®1£®2 Key Performance Parameters of RO Systems
1£®1£®3 Desalination Plant Classification and Configuration
1£®1£®4 Criteria for Well¡ªOperating Plants
1£®2 Source Water Quality Characterization
1£®2£®1 Minerals
1£®2£®2 Dissolved Gases
1£®2£®3 Particulate Foulants and Measurement Methods
1£®2£®4 Colloidal Foulants
1£®2£®5 Mineral Membrane¡ªScaling Compounds
1£®2£®6 Natural Organic Foulants
1£®2£®7 Microbiological Foulants and Membrane Biofouling
1£®2£®8 Pathogens
1£®2£®9 Oxidants
1£®2£®10 Compounds That Could Damage RO Membranes
1£®2£®11 Compounds Impacting Discharge Quality
References

2 Source Water Intakes
2£®1 Open Intakes
2£®1£®1 Inlet Structure and Coarse Screens
2£®1£®2 Intake Water Conduit
2£®1£®3 Intake Screens
2£®1£®4 Intake Pump Station
2£®2 Subsurface Intakes
2£®2£®1 Purpose and Function
2£®2£®2 Routine Operation
2£®2£®3 Performance Monitoring
2£®2£®4 Maintenance
2£®2£®5 Troubleshooting
References

3 Source Water Pretreatment
3£®1 Source Water Chemical Conditioning Systems
3£®1£®1 Coagulant Feed Systems
3£®1£®2 Flocculant Feed Systems
3£®1£®3 Scale Inhibitor Feed Systems
3£®1£®4 Biocide Feed Systems
3£®1£®5 Dechlorination Feed Systems
3£®1£®6 Acid Feed Systems
3£®1£®7 Sodium Hydroxide Feed Systems
3£®1£®8 Summary of Typical Operational Problems of Source Water Conditioning and Troubleshooting
3£®2 Dissolved Air Flotation Clarifiers
3£®2£®1 Purpose and Function
3£®2£®2 Routine Operation
3£®2£®3 Performance Monitoring
3£®2£®4 Maintenance
3£®2£®5 Troubleshooting
3£®3 Granular Media Pretreatment Filters
3£®3£®1 Purpose and Function
3£®3£®2 Routine Operation
3£®3£®3 Performance Monitoring
3£®3£®4 Maintenance
3£®3£®5 Troubleshooting
3£®4 Membrane Pretreatment Filters
3£®4£®1 Purpose and Function
3£®4£®2 Routine Operation
3£®4£®3 Performance Monitoring
3£®4£®4 Maintenance
3£®4£®5 Troubleshooting
3£®5 Cartridge Filters
3£®5£®1 Purpose and Function
3£®5£®2 Routine Operation
3£®5£®3 Performance Monitoring
3£®5£®4 Troubleshooting
References

4 Reverse Osmosis System Operation
4£®1 Reverse Osmosis Desalination System
4£®1£®1 Key RO System Components
4£®1£®2 Purpose and Function
4£®2 Routine RO System Operation
4£®2£®1 Maintaining RO System Fresh Water Production Rate
4£®2£®2 Maintaining RO System Permeate Quality
4£®2£®3 Alternative Approaches for RO System Operation
4£®2£®4 RO System Startup
4£®2£®5 Key Routine Operational Tasks
4£®3 Performance Monitoring
4£®3£®1 Performance Data Collection
4£®3£®2 Impacts of Source Water and Operational Parameters on RO System Performance
4£®3£®3 Performance Data Analysis and Normalization
4£®4 RO System Maintenance
4£®4£®1 RO Membrane Flushing and Preservation
4£®4£®2 RO Membrane Cleaning
4£®4£®3 RO Membrane Rotation
4£®4£®4 RO Membrane Replacement
References

5 Reverse Osmosis System Troubleshooting
5£®1 Overview of RO System Performance Challenges
5£®2 RO Process Performance Challenges
5£®2£®1 Permeate Production Below Target Flow Rate
5£®2£®2 Inadequate Permeate Water Quality
5£®2£®3 Excessive Membrane Cleaning Frequency and Energy Use
5£®3 Diagnostics of RO Membrane System Performance
5£®3£®1 Diagnostics of RO Membrane Integrity and Fouling Issues
5£®3£®2 Diagnostics of Membrane Fouling and Scaling Issues
5£®3£®3 Membrane Autopsy
5£®4 Key Equipment Performance Issues and Troubleshooting Solutions
5£®4£®1 RO High¡ªPressure Feed Pumps
5£®4£®2 Energy Recovery Systems
References

6 Post¡ªTreatment
6£®1 Introduction
6£®2 Lime£¯Carbon Dioxide Post¡ªTreatment Systems
6£®2£®1 Purpose and Function
6£®2£®2 Routine Operation
6£®2£®3 Performance Monitoring
6£®2£®4 Maintenance
6£®2£®5 Troubleshooting
6£®3 Calcite Conditioning Systems
6£®3£®1 Purpose and Function
6£®3£®2 Routine Operation
6£®3£®3 Performance Monitoring
6£®3£®4 Maintenance
6£®3£®5 Troubleshooting
6£®4 Remineralization by Mixing of Desalinated and Source Waters
6£®4£®1 Purpose and Function
6£®4£®2 Routine Operation
6£®4£®3 Performance Monitoring
6£®4£®4 Maintenance
6£®4£®5 Troubleshooting
6£®5 Disinfection Systems
6£®5£®1 Purpose and Function
6£®5£®2 Disinfection Methods
6£®5£®3 Routine Operation£¬ Performance Monitoring£¬ Maintenance£¬ and Troubleshooting
References

7 Desalination Plant Discharge Management
7£®1 Introduction
7£®1£®1 Concentrate
7£®1£®2 Backwash Water
7£®1£®3 Other Nonconcentrate Side Streams
7£®2£®Concentrate Discharge to Surface Waters
7£®2£®1 Purpose and Function
7£®2£®2 Routine Operation
7£®2£®3 Monitoring of Discharge Water Quantity and Quality
7£®2£®4 Maintenance and Troubleshooting
7£®3 Backwash Settling and Sludge Dewatering Systems
7£®3£®1 Purpose and Function
7£®3£®2 Routine Operation
7£®3£®3 Performance Monitoring
7£®3£®4 Maintenance
7£®3£®5 Troubleshooting
References

8 Equipment Maintenance
8£®1 Introduction
8£®2 Pumps
8£®2£®1 Purpose and Function
8£®2£®2 Routine Inspection and Maintenance Considerations
8£®2£®3 Troubleshooting
8£®3 Air Blowers
8£®3£®1 Purpose and Function
8£®3£®2 Routine Inspection and Maintenance
8£®4 Motors
8£®4£®1 Purpose and Function
8£®4£®2 Routine Inspection and Maintenance
8£®4£®3 Troubleshooting
8£®5 Bearings
8£®5£®1 Purpose and Function
8£®5£®2 Routine Inspection and Maintenance
8£®5£®3 Troubleshooting
8£®6 Valves
8£®6£®1 Butterfly Valves
8£®6£®2 Plug Valves
8£®6£®3 Ball Valves
8£®6£®4 Check Valves
8£®6£®5 Gate Valves
8£®6£®6 Diaphragm Valves
8£®7 Mechanical Seals
8£®7£®1 Purpose and Functions
8£®7£®2 Inspection£¬ Maintenance£¬ and Troubleshooting
8£®8 Mechanical Drives
8£®8£®1 Purpose and Function
8£®8£®2 Inspection£¬ Maintenance£¬ and Troubleshooting
8£®9 Chemical Feed Systems
8£®9£®1 Purpose and Function
8£®9£®2 Inspection£¬ Maintenance£¬ and Troubleshooting
8£®10 Automatic Samplers
8£®10£®1 Purpose and Function
8£®10£®2 Inspection£¬ Maintenance£¬ and Troubleshooting
Reference
Glossary
Index