Quantitative Chemical Analysis-¶¨Á¿»¯Ñ§·ÖÎö

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1.1 What is Analytical Chemistry 1.2 Steps in the Development of an Analytical Method 1.3 Classification of Quantitative Analytical Methods 1.3.1 Chemical Analysis 1.3.2 Instrumental Analysis 1.4 Principles of Volumetric Titration 1.4.1 Basic Terms 1.4.2 Requirements of Titration Reactions 1.4.3 Classification of Titration Processes 1.4.4 Primary Standards and Standard Solutions 1.4.5 Basic Apparatus in Chcmical Analyses 1.5 Calculations in Volumctric Titration 1.5.1 Preparation of Siandard Solutions 1.5.2 Titration Results CHAPTER 2 DATA ANALYSIS 2.1 Error and Classification 2.1.1 Accuracy and Prccision 2.1.2 Errors and Deviation 2.1.3 Systematic and Random Errors 2.2 Distribution of Random Errors 2.2.1 Frequency Distribution 2£¬ 2.2 Normal Distribution 2.2.3 Predicting the Probability of Random Errors¡ªArea under Gaussian Curve 2.3 Statistical Data Treatment 2.3.1 Estimation of Popuiation Mean £¨¦Ì£© and Population Standard Devration £¨¦Ò£© 2.3.2 Confidence Interval for Population Mean 2.3.3 Statistical Aids to Hypothesis Testing 2.3.4 Detection of Gross Errors 2.4 Propagation of Error 2.4.1 Systematic Errors 2.4.2 Random Errors £¨Standard Deviation£© 2.4.3 Maximum Errors £¨ER£© 2.4.4 Distribution of Errors 2.5 Significant Figure Convention 2.5.1 Significant Figures 2.5.2 Numerical Rounding in Calculations CHAPTER 3 ACID¡ªBASE EQUILIBRIUM 3.1 Equilibrium Constants and Effect of Electrolytes 3.2 Acid¡ªbase Reactions and Equilibria 3.2.1 Acid and Base¡ªBr¦Õnsted Concepi 3.2.2 Dissociation of Acid or Base and Acid¡ªbase Equilibria 3.2.3 Magnitude of Dissociating Species at a Given pH£º x¡ªvalues 3.3 Solving Equilibrium Calculations Using pH Calculations as an Example 3.3.1 General Approaches £¨Systematic Approaches£© 3.3.2 pH Calculations 3.4 Buffer Solutions 3.4.1 pH Calculations of Buffer Solutions 3.4.2 Buffer Capacity 3.4.3 Preparation of Buffers CHAPTER 4 ACID¡ªBASE TITRATION 1.1 Acid£¯Base Indicators 4.1.1 Principle 4.1.2 Examples 4.1.3 Titration Errors 4.1.4 Factors Influcncing Performance 4.2 Titration Curves and Selection of Indicators 4.2.1 Strong Acids £¨Bases£© 4.2.2 Monoprotic Acids £¨Bases£© 4.2.3 Strong and Weak Acids £¨Bases£© 4.2.4 Polyfunctional Weak Acids £¨Bases£© 4.2.5 Mixture of Weak Acids £¨Bases£© 4.3 Titration Error Calculations 4.3.1 Strong Acids £¨Bases£© 4.3.2 Monoprotic Weak Acids £¨Bases£© 4.3.3 Polyfunctional Acids £¨Bases£© 4.4 Preparation of Standard Solutions 4.4.1 Standard Acid Solutions 4.4.2 Standard Base Solutions 4.4.3 The Carbonate Error 4.5 Examples of Acid¡ªbase Titrations 4.5.1 Determination of Total Alkalinity 4.5.2 Determination of Nitrogen 4.5.3 Determination of Boric Acid 4.6 Acid¡ªbase Titrations in Non¡ªaqueous Solvents 4.6.1 Non¡ªaqueous Solvents 4.6.2 Examples of Non¡ªaqueous Titrations CHAPTER 5 COMPLEXATION REACTION AND COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION 5.1 Complexes and Formation Constants 5.1.1 Formation Constants 5.1.2 Concentration of MLn in Complexation Equilibria 5.1.3 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid £¨EDTA£© and Metal¡ªEDTA Complexes 5.1.4 Side Reaction Coefficients and Conditionai Formation Constants in Complexation Reactions 5.2 Metallochromic Indicators 5.2.1 How a Metallochromic Indicator Works 5.2.2 Color Transition Point pM £¨£¨pM£©£© for Metallochromic Indicators 5.2.3 Frequently Used Metallochromic Indicalors 5.3 Titration Curves and Titration Errors 5.3.1 Titration Curves 5.3.2 Titration Errors 5.3.3 pH Control in Complexometric Titrations 5.4 Selective Titrations of Metal Ions in the Presence of Multiple Metal Ions 5.4.1 Selective Titration by Regulatmg pH 5.4.2 Selective Titration Using Masking Reagents 5.5 Applications of Complexometric Titrations 5.5.1 Buffer Selection in Complexometric Titrations 5.5.2 Titration Methods and Applications 5.5.3 Preparation of Standard Soiutions ¡­¡­ CHAPTER 6 REDOX EQUILIBRIUM AND TITRATION CHAPTER 7 PRECIPITATION EQUILIBRIUM£¬ TITRATION£¬ AND GRAVIMETRY CHAPTER 8 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY CHAPTER 9 INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL SEPARATION CHAPTER 10 SOLVING A REAL ANALYTICAL PROBLEM APPENDICES ANSWERS INDEX PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS