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introduction
12 minerals, ores and gemstones
  12.1  definitions
  12.2  mineralogical, physical and chemical properties
    12.2.1  mineral names
    12.2.2  chemical formula and theoretical chemical composition
    12.2.3  crystallographic properties
    12.2.4  habit or crystal form
    12.2.5  color
    12.2.6  diaphaneity or transmission of light
    12.2.7  luster
    12.2.8  cleavage and parting
    12.2.9  fracture
    12.2.10  streak
    12.2.11  tenacity
    12.2.12  density and specific gravity
    12.2.13  mohs hardness
    12.2.14  optical properties
    12.2.15  static electricity and magnetism
    12.2.16  luminescence
    12.2.17  piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity
    12.2.18  play of colors and chatoyancy
    12.2.19  radioactivity
    12.2.20  miscellaneous properties
    12.2.21  chemical reactivity
    12.2.22  pyrognostic tests or fire assays
    12.2.22.1  the flame test
    12.2.22.2  the fusibility test
    12.2.22.3  the reduction on charcoal
    12.2.22.4  tests with cobalt nitrate and sulfur iodide
    12.2.22.5  the closed tube test
    12.2.22.6  the open tube test
    12.2.22.7  the bead tests
    12.2.23  heavy-media or sink-float separations in mineralogy
    12.2.23.1  selection of dense media
    12.2.23.2  common heavy liquids used in mineralogy
  12.3  strunz classification of minerals
  12.4  dana's classification of minerals
  12.5  gemstones
    12.5.1  diamond
    12.5.1.1  introduction
    12.5.1.2  diamond types
    12.5.1.3  diamond physical and chemical properties
    12.5.1.4  diamond: origins and occurrence
    12.5.1.5  industrial applications
    12.5.1.6  diamond prices
    12.5.1.7  treatments
    12.5.1.8  diamond shaping and valuation
    12.5.2  beryl gem varieties
    12.5.2.1  emerald
    12.5.2.2  aquamarine
    12.5.2.3  morganite
    12.5.2.4  heliodor
    12.5.2.5  goshenite
    12.5.3  corundum gem varieties
    12.5.3.1  ruby
    12.5.3.2  sapphire
    12.5.4  synthetic gemstones
    12.5.4.1  synthesis from melts
    12.5.4.2  synthesis from solutions
    12.5.4.3  diamond synthesis
  12.6  ima acronyms of rock-forming minerals
  12.7  mineral and gemstone properties table
  12.8  mineral synonyms
  12.9  further reading
    12.9.1  crystallography
    12.9.2  optical mineralogy
    12.9.3  mineralogy
    12.9.4  industrial minerals
    12.9.5  ores
    12.9.6  gemstones
    12.9.7  heavy liquids and mineral dressing
13 rocks and meteorites
  13.1  introduction
  13.2  structure of the earth's interior
  13.3  different type of rocks
  13.4  igneous rocks
    13.4.1  classification of igneous rocks
    13.4.1.1  crystals morphology and dimensions
    13.4.1.2  mineralogy
    13.4.1.3  coloration
    13.4.2  texture of igneous rocks
    13.4.3  chemistry of igneous rocks
    13.4.4  general c]assification of igneous rocks
    13.4.5  vesicular and pyroclastic igneous rocks
  13.5  sedimentary rocks
    13.5.1  sediments
    13.5.2  residual sedimentary rocks
    13.5.3  detritic or clastic sedimentary rocks
    13.5.4  chemical sedimentary rocks
    13.5.5  biogenic sedimentary rocks
    13.5.6  chemical composition
  13.6  metamorphic rocks
    13.6.1  classification of metamorphic rocks
    13.6.2  metamorphic grade
    13.6.3  metamorphic facies
  13.7  ice
  13.8  meteorites
    13.8.1  definitions
    13.8.2  modern classification of meteorites
    13.8.3  tektites, impactites, and fulgurites
  13.9  properties of common rocks
  13.10 further reading
index