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1 introduction
1£®1 introductoryremarks
1£®2 electron microscopy applied to tumors
1£®3 impactandlimitations ofimmunohistochemistry
1£®4 value ofelectron microscopy in addition to diagnosis£®
1.5 intellectual basis for tumour diagnosis by electron microscopy£®
1£®6 technique
1£®6£®1 tissue handling and reagent preparation
1.6.2 electron microscopy procedure
1.6.3 dewaxing for electron microscopy
1£®7 assessingthequality ofpreservationin semi¡ªthin sections
1.8 distinguishing reactive from neoplastic cells
l.8.l vessels
1£®8 2 mv0fibroblasts
1.8.3 striatedmusclecells
references
2 epithelial tumours£®
2.1 introductory remarks
2.2 the core features ofepithelial differentiation£®
2.3 the keratinocyte as the archetypal cell for assessing basal.cell and squamous¡ªcell
difierentiation 1n tumours
2.4 basal¡ªcell and squamous.cell carcinoma
2.4.1 conventional basal¡ªcell and squamous¡ªcell ca~inoma
2£®4£®2 variants ofbasal.cell carcinoma
2£®4 3 poorly differentiated squamous.cell ca~inoma£¬variants of squamous.cell carcinoma£¬
and related tumours showing squamous differentiation
2£®5 ultrastructural features ofglandular d{fterentiation
2£®5 1 ultrastructural architecture ofthe normal gland
2£®5£®2 secretory materials ofepithelial origin
2.6 thc ultrastructure ofadenocarcinoma
2.6£®1 general ultrastructurai properties ofadenocarcinoma
2.6£®2 additional features ofdiagnostic or biological interest in selected examples of
adenocarcinoma and carcinomas showing glandular epithelial difterentimion
2.7 tumours showing distinctive specialised forms ofepithelial differentiation
2 .7.1 mesothelioma
2.7.2 adrenocortical tumours
2£®7.3 oncocytoma
2.7£®4 myoepithelial cell differentiation in tumours
2.7.5 neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinoma
references
3 melanncytic lesions with special reference to malignant melanoma
3.1 introductory remarks
3.2 thenormalmelanocyte
3.3 theultrastructure ofmalignantmelanoma
3.3.1 themelanosome
3.3.2 ultrastmctural features ofmalignant melanoma in addition to melanosomes
3 3£®3 the ultrastructure ofmalignant melanoma variants
3£®3£®4 tumours 0ther than malignant melanoma showing melanocytic differentiation
referenccs
4 tumours ofsoft tissue and bone£¬and other mesenchymal tumours¡£
4.1 introductoryremarks
4.2 fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumours
4.2.1 the normal fibroblast and the reactive myofibroblast
4.2.2 tumours and tumour£®like lesions showing fibroblastic differentiation
4.2.3 mvofibroblastic differentiation in tumours and tumour-like lesions
4.3 fibrohistiocytictumours
4. 3. 1 giant¡ªcelltumours
4. 3£®2 the benign fibrous histiocytomas
4.3.3 plexiform fibrohistiocytie tumour
4. 3£®4 the so£®called malignant fibrous histiocytomas
4. 3. 5 atypical fibroxanthoma
4£®4 smooth¡ªmuscle tumours and peficytic tumours
4. 4. 1 thenormal smooth.musclecell
4.4£®2 leiomyoma¡ªglomustumour
4. 4. 3 myopericytoma£¯haemangiopericytoma
4£®4 4 leiomyosarcoma
4. 5 tumours showing striated.muscle differentiation
4. 5£®1 the normal striated¡ªmuscle cell
4. 5 2 rhabdomyoma
4. 5.3 rhabdomyosarcoma
4. 5. 4 rhabdomyoblasts in tumours other than rhabdomyoma and rhabdomy
4. 6 gastrointestinal stromaltumours
4. 6.1 theinterstitialcell ofcajal
4. 6. 2 theultrastructure ofgist
4. 7 vasculartumours
4. 7. l thenofmalvessel
4. 7. 2 bemgnvascularlesions
4. 7. 3 conventionalangiosarcoma
4. 7. 4 epithelioidangiosarcoma
4. 7£®5 epithelioid haemangloendothelloma
4. 7£®6 kaposi¡¯s sarcoma
4. 8 adipocytictumours
4.£®8£®1 thenormaladipocyte
4. 8 2 benignadipocytictumors
4. 8 3 liposarcoma
4 9 tumours showing cartilaginous£¬osteogenic and notochordal differentiation
4.9.1 normalcells ofcartilage andbone
4£®9£®2 benign chondroblastic lesions
4£®9 3 chondrosarcoma and other cartilaginous tumours
4£®9 4 notochordal tumours
4£®9£®5 osteosarcoma and other osteogenic tumours
4£®10 tumours showing complex or uncertain differentiation
4£®10 l ossifying fibromyxoid tumour
4£®10 2 mixed tumour£¯myoepithelioma
4£®10 3 synovial sarcoma
4.10 4 epithelioid sarcoma
4. 10£®5 alveolar soft.part sarcoma
4. 10£®6 desmoplastic small£®round£¬cell tumour
4. lo 7 malignant rhabdoid tumour
refefences
5 lymphoma and leukaemia
5.1 introductoryremarks
5 2 normal (reactive) haematolymphoid cells£®
5. 2.1 lymphocytes
5£®2. 2 centroblasts and centrocytes
5. 2. 3 plasmacells
5. 2. 4 monocytes£®macrophages£¬langerhans cells and multinucleated giant cells
5. 2. 5 mastcells
5£®2£®6 eosinodhils
5. 2£®7 neutrophils
5. 2. 8 basophils
5. 2. 9 megakaryocytes andplatelets
5. 2. 10 erythroblasts f¡®normoblasts¡¯and¡®normocytes¡¯)
5£®3 haematolymphoid neoplasia
5. 3. l myeloproliferative neoplasms
5. 3. 2 theacuteleukaemias£¬
5£®3. 3 b£¬cellneoplasms
5£®3. 4 t¡ªcellneoplasms
5. 3. 5 hodgkinlymphoma
5.3. 6 tumours showing histiocytic differentiation¡ªdendritic cell tumours
5. 3£®7 reticulumcelltumours
references
6 tumours ofthe central nervous system
6£®1 introductory remarks
6. 2 astrocytictumours
6. 21 astrocytoma
6. 2 2 glioblastoma
6£®2£®3 pilocytic astrocytoma£®
6. 2 4 pilomyxoidastrocytoma
6. 2£®5 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
6. 2 6 monomorphousangiocentricglioma
6. 2 7 subependymal giant.cell astrocytoma oftuberous sclerosis
6. 3 oligogodendroglioma
6£®4 ependymoma and subependymoma
6. 5 choroid plexus tumours£®
6. 6 mixedneuronal andgilaltumours
6. 6. 1 gangliocytoma and ganglioglioma
6£®6£®2 desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma£¯desmoplastic cerebral
astrocytoma ofinfancy or desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma
6. 6. 3 angioganglioglioma
6. 6. 4 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour
6. 6. 5 centralneurocytoma
6. 6£®6 extraventricular neurocytoma
6. 6. 7 papillary glioneuronal tumour
6. 6. 8 glioneuronal tumour with neuropil£®like islands£¯rosetted glioneuronal tumour
6.£®6. 9 rosette¡ªforming glioneuronal tumour ofthe iv ventricle
6£®7 pinealparenchymatumours
6. 7. 1 pineocytoma
6. 7. 2 ppt ofintermediate difierentiation
6. 7. 3 pineoblastoma
6. 7. 4 papillarytumour ofthepinealregion
6£®8 embryonaltumours
6. 8.1 medulloepithelioma
6. 8. 2 ependvmoblastoma
6. 8. 3 medulloblastoma
6£®8. 4 atypical teratoid£¯rhabdoid tumour
6. 8£®5 melanotic neuroectodermal tumour ofinfancy
6. 9 meningioma and meningioangiomatosis
6. 10 intracranial germ tumours
6. 10. l germinomas
6.10£®2 yolk sactumour
6.lo 3 embryonalcarcinoma
6. 10£®4 choriocarcinoma
6. 11 craniopharyngioma
6. 12 paraganglioma
6. 13 cerebellar liponeurocytoma
acknowledgements
references
7 tumours of the nenroendocrine system and the peripheral nervous system
7.l introductoryremarks
7. 2 the ultrastructure ofneuroendocrine tumours
7. 2£®1 the archetypal neuroendocrine granule
7. 2. 2 vafimions in the structure ofneuroendocrine granules in different neuroendocfine
tumours£®and additional ultrastructural features ofneuroendocrine tumours
7. 3 tumours ofthe peripheralnervous system
7.3£®1 thenormalneuron
7. 3£®2 extracranial tumours showing neuronal£¯glial£¯ganglionic differentiation
7. 3 3 thenormalnerve sheath
7.3 4 tumours ofthenerve sheath
7. 4 meningioma
references
8 miscellaneous tumours and tumour.like lesions
8. 1 introductory rema~s£®
8£®2 tumours ofthe male and female reproductive tracts
8£®2£®1 seminoma
8£®2 2 embryonal carcinoma
8 2£®3 endodermal sinus turnout(yolk sac tumour)
8£®2 4 choriocarcinoma
8£®2 5 tumours showing leydig¡ªcell differentiation
8£®2 6 tumours showing sertoli¡ªcell differentiation
8£®2£®7 tumours showing granulosa.cell differentiation
8. 3 blastemaltumours
8. 3 1 wilms¡¯tumour fnephroblastoma)
8£®3 2 pulmonary and pleuropulmonary blastoma
8£®3 3 hepatoblastoma
8£®3 4 pancreatoblastoma
8£®4 embryonal sarcoma ofliver
8. 5 juxtaglomerular cell tumour
8. 6 cardiacmyxoma£®
8£®7 pneumocytoma(sclerosing haemangioma of lungl)
8. 8 cellular neurothekeoma
8£®9 amyloidoma
8 10 malakoplakia
8. 11 bacillary angiomatosis and mycobacterial spindle¡ªcell pseudotumour
8£®12 rosai¡ªdorfman disease
references
index