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Chapter 1 Journalism, Newspapers and News Services 1.1 Journalism 1.1.1 The Purposes of Journalism 1.1.2 The Types of Journalism 1.1.3 The Duties of Journalism 1.1.4 Journalism and Ideology 1.1.5 The Responsibilities of Joumalists 1.2 Newspapers 1.2.1 The Changing Newspapers 1.2.2 The Content of Newspapers 1.2.3 General Organization of Newspapers 1.2.4 The Future of Newspapers 1.2.5 Some InfluentialAmerican Newspapers 1.2.6 Some Influential British Newspapers 1.3 News Services 1.3.1 The Role of Press Associations 1.3.2 Some Influential News Agencies 1.3.3 The Domination of Western News MediaChapter 2 Discourse, Ideology and Semiotics 2.1 Discourse 2.1.1 The Definition of Discourse 2.1.2 Discourse Analysis 2.1.3 Critical Discourse Analysis 2.1.4 News as Discourse 2.2 Ideology 2.2.1 The Definition of Ideology 2.2.2 Ideology as an Instrument of Social Reproduction 2.2.3 Louis Althusser's Ideological State Apparatuses 2.2.4 Political Ideologies 2.2.5 Language and Ideology 2.2.6 The Media Are Ideological 2.3 Semiotics 2.3.1 The Definition of Semiotics 2.3.2 Semiotics and Communication Studies 2.3.3 Roland Barthes and Cultur'al Semiotics 2.4 News Discourse Analysis 2.4.1 The Functions of News Discourse Analysis 2.4.2 Grammatical Analysis of News Discourse 2.4.3 The Syntactical and Semantic Analysis of News Discourse .. 2.4.4 Discourse Analysis of a News ReportChapter 3 News Culture and News Values 3.1 News 3.1.1 The Definition of News i 3.1.2 The Functions of News 3.2 News Writing 3.2.1 The Principles of News Writing 3.2.2 The Characteristics of News Writing 3.3 News Culture 3.3.1 Culture 3.3.2 News Culture 3.4 News Values 3.4.1 Timeliness 3.4.2 Impact 3.4.3 Prominence 3.4.4 Proximity 3.4.5 Conflict 3.4.6 Unusualness 3.4.7 Human InterestChapter 4 News Genres 4.1 The Classification of News 4.1.1 HardNews 4.1.2 Soft News 4.2 News Formulas 4.2.1 The Inverted Pyramid Form 4.2.2 Narrative Formula 4.2.3 Simplified Extended Conflict Formula 4.3 News Genres 4.3.1 Editorials 4.3.2 Columns 4.3.3 Reviews 4.3.4 FeaturesChapter 5 News Headlines 5.1 The Definition of News Headline 5.2 The Functions of News Headline 5.3 Guidelines for Writing News Headlines 5.4 Compound Headlines 5.5 The Lexical Characteristics of Headlines 5.5.1 Midget Words in Headlines 5.5.2 Abbreviations in Headlines 5.5.3 Clipping Words in Headlines 5.5.4 Special Words in Headlines 5.5.5 Spoken Words in Headlines 5.5.6 Slang in Headlines 5.5.7 Noun Phrases m Headlines 5.6 The Grammatical Characteristics of Headlines 5.6.1 Tense in Headlines 5.6.2 Omission in Headlines 5.7 Rhetorical Devices in Headlines 5.7.1 Phonetic Devices in Headlines 5.7.2 Lexical Devices in Headlines 5.7.3 Syntactical Devices in HeadlinesChapter 6 News Leads 6.1 The Definition of Lead 6.2 The Principles of Leads 6.3 The Format of Leads 6.3.1 Datelines, Credit Lines, Story Elements and Lead Length 6.3.2 Guidelines for Writing Readable Leads 6.4 The Types of Leads 6.4.1 The Direct Lead 6.4.2 The Delayed Lead 6.4.3 Creative LeadsChapter 7 News Lexical Styles 7.1 New Words in News Discourse 7.1.1 New Words in Old Forms 7.1.2 Words Created Recently 7.1.3 Loan Words 7.2 Compound Attributes with Hyphens in News Discourse 7.3 Jargons in News Discourse 7.3.1 The Definition of Jargons 7.3.2 The Functions of Jargons in News Discourse 7.3.3 Avoiding the Abuse of Jargons 7.4 Short and Simple Words in News Discourse 7.5 Using Colloquialisms and Idioms in News Discourse 7.5.1 Colloquialisms 7.5.2 Idioms 7.6 Fuzzy Terms in News DiscourseChapter $ News Rhetorical Devices 8.1 News Rhetoric 8.2 Metaphorical Words in News Discourse 8.2.1 Using Specific Words 8.2.2 Using Descriptive Words 8.2.3 The Use of "War" in News Reports 8.2.4 Avoiding Overuse of Metaphorical Words 8.3 Euphemisms in News Discourse 8.3.1 The Definition of Euphemism 8.3.2 The Functions of Euphemisms 8.4 Irony in News Discourse 8.4.1 The Definition of Irony 8.4.2 The Types of Irony 8.4.3 The Use of Irony in News Discourse 8.5 Numbers in News Reports 8.6 Quotations in News Reports 8.6.1 When and How to Quote 8.6.2 Direct Quotations 8.6.3 Indirect Quotations 8.6.4 The Grammar of Quotations 8.7 Attribution in News Reports 8.7.1 When and How to Attribute 8.7.2 Verbs of AttributionChapter 9 ConclusionGlossary (Index of Important Terms)Bibliography